Chapter 11Chapter 11Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Sheila Reyes

BIO 120

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System-Involved with the maintenance of homeostasis.-Involved with the maintenance of homeostasis.- Consists of several glands:- Consists of several glands:

a) Hypothalamusa) Hypothalamusb) Pituitaryb) Pituitaryc) Thyroidc) Thyroidd) Parathyroidd) Parathyroide) Adrenalse) Adrenalsf) Pinealf) Pinealg) Pancreas g) Pancreas

These glands secrete powerful These glands secrete powerful chemicals called hormones, which are chemicals called hormones, which are essential for the proper functioning of bodily essential for the proper functioning of bodily processes.processes.

Suffix –crine:Suffix –crine:Meaning:Meaning: Secreting or to secrete. Secreting or to secrete.

Examples:Examples: a) a) ApocrineApocrine - gland that secretes hormones.- gland that secretes hormones.

- relating to a type of glandular - relating to a type of glandular secretion in which the apical portion of the secretion in which the apical portion of the secreting cell is released along with the secreting cell is released along with the secretory products.secretory products.

**Apocrine glandApocrine gland - are located in the skin, - are located in the skin, breasts, eyelids, and ears. They are a type of breasts, eyelids, and ears. They are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that exocrine gland, which are glands that secrete hormones into a duct. secrete hormones into a duct. -In response to sex and stress stimuli, they -In response to sex and stress stimuli, they secrete a liquid which is readily decomposed secrete a liquid which is readily decomposed by bacteria giving rise to odor. by bacteria giving rise to odor. -become very active with the onset of -become very active with the onset of puberty. puberty. - The highest concentrations of apocrine - The highest concentrations of apocrine sweat glands are located in the armpits and sweat glands are located in the armpits and groin, and in the areola of both human males groin, and in the areola of both human males and females. and females. Fig 1a.

Apocrine Gland

b) b) Eccrine glandsEccrine glands - One of - One of two types of sweat-two types of sweat-producing gland that producing gland that occur in mammalian occur in mammalian skin, the other being skin, the other being apocrine gland. apocrine gland. -In humans and some -In humans and some apes, eccrine glands are apes, eccrine glands are the more numerous and the more numerous and are distributed generally are distributed generally over the body, not over the body, not associated only with hair, associated only with hair, as are apocrine glands. as are apocrine glands.

Fig 1B. Eccrine gland

Suffix - emiaSuffix - emia

MeaningMeaning- blood condition- blood condition

ExamplesExamples::

a)a) Anemia Anemia

a(n) – inadequate; no; not; lack ofa(n) – inadequate; no; not; lack of

- a condition in which you don't have - a condition in which you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your carry adequate oxygen to your tissues. tissues.

Types of AnemiaTypes of Anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia-Iron Deficiency Anemia- is a is a common type of anemia.common type of anemia.

- a condition in which - a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. blood cells.

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia - is an - is an inherited form of anemia.inherited form of anemia.

- a condition in which - a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your body. throughout your body.

- the red blood cells - the red blood cells become rigid, sticky and are shaped become rigid, sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These like sickles or crescent moons. These irregularly shaped cells can get stuck irregularly shaped cells can get stuck in small blood vessels, which can in small blood vessels, which can slow or block blood flow and oxygen slow or block blood flow and oxygen to parts of the body. to parts of the body.

Fig 2a. Iron deficiency anemia

Fig 2b. Sickle cell anemia

ThalassemiaThalassemia - Thalassemia is - Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in through families (inherited) in which the body makes an which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin abnormal form of hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen). that carries oxygen).

- The disorder - The disorder results in excessive results in excessive destruction of red blood cells, destruction of red blood cells, which leads to anemia.which leads to anemia.

Aplastic AnemiaAplastic Anemia - a condition that occurs - a condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new when your body stops producing enough new blood cells.blood cells.

- aplastic anemia can develop at any - aplastic anemia can develop at any age, though it's most common in younger people. age, though it's most common in younger people.

-Treatment includes medications, blood -Treatment includes medications, blood transfusions or a bone marrow transplant. transfusions or a bone marrow transplant.

Fig 2c. Thalassemia major

Fig 2d. Thalassemia minor

Fig 2e. Normal and Aplastic blood cells

b) b) HypokalemiaHypokalemia hypo- lowhypo- lowkal/o- potassiumkal/o- potassium

- abnormal low potassium in - abnormal low potassium in the blood.the blood.-is most commonly caused -is most commonly caused by the use of diuretics. by the use of diuretics. - can cause the heart to - can cause the heart to stop beating. stop beating. - Alcoholism occasionally - Alcoholism occasionally results in hypokalemia. results in hypokalemia.

Fig 2f. Banana is a good source of potassium

References:References:

www.Mayoclinic.comwww.Mayoclinic.com www.Emedicine.medscape.comwww.Emedicine.medscape.com www.Healthline.comwww.Healthline.com