Chapter 10 Nervous System Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All...

Chapter 10Chapter 10Nervous SystemNervous System

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

22

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

BrainBrain

Spinal CordSpinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Cranial NervesCranial Nerves

Spinal NervesSpinal Nerves

Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic NervesSympathetic Nerves

Parasympathetic NervesParasympathetic Nerves

33

IntroductionIntroduction

Nervous system:Nervous system:

Complex: 10 billion nerve cellsComplex: 10 billion nerve cells

Voluntary and involuntary functionsVoluntary and involuntary functions

Nerves carry electrical messagesNerves carry electrical messages

External and internal receptorsExternal and internal receptors

44

Introduction Introduction (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Nerve cells:Nerve cells:

MicroscopicMicroscopic

Collected into macroscopic nervesCollected into macroscopic nerves

Carry electrical messages all over the Carry electrical messages all over the bodybody

55

Nervous System Nervous System Two major divisions:Two major divisions: Central nervous systemCentral nervous system

BrainBrain Spinal cordSpinal cord

Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous system

cranial nervescranial nerves spinal nervesspinal nerves

66

General Structure of the General Structure of the Nervous System Nervous System (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Cranial and spinal nervesCranial and spinal nerves Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain.Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain.

Motor nerves carry messages from the brain.Motor nerves carry messages from the brain.

Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers.fibers.

Sensory receptorsSensory receptors

77

General Structure of the General Structure of the Nervous System Nervous System (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Autonomic nervous system:Autonomic nervous system: Carries impulses from the central nervous system Carries impulses from the central nervous system

to organs.to organs.

The autonomic nervous system contains a large The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically.group of nerves that function automatically.

It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow organs such as stomach and urinary bladder.organs such as stomach and urinary bladder.

88

Automomic Nervous SystemAutomomic Nervous System

SympatheticSympathetic nerves stimulate body under nerves stimulate body under stress.stress.

ParasympatheticParasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system. system. Slow heart rateSlow heart rate Lower blood pressureLower blood pressure

99

Divisions of the Central and Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System – Peripheral Nervous System –

page 346page 346

1010

Neurons, Nerves, and GliaNeurons, Nerves, and Glia

NeuronNeuron = individual nerve cell= individual nerve cell

Dendrite – branching fibers of neuronDendrite – branching fibers of neuron

Cell nucleusCell nucleus


AxonAxon – carry impulses away – carry impulses away

Myelin sheath Myelin sheath – fatty tissue that covers the – fatty tissue that covers the axon giving it a white color (white matter)axon giving it a white color (white matter)

Gray Matter Gray Matter – cell bodies of neurons not – cell bodies of neurons not covered with a myelin sheath.covered with a myelin sheath.

1111

1212


SynapseSynapse – space where nervous impulse jumps from – space where nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to anotherone neuron to another

Terminal end fibers - Terminal end fibers - (secrete neurotransmitters)(secrete neurotransmitters)

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters - transfer impulse across synapse - transfer impulse across synapse

GangliaGanglia - small clusters of nerve cell bodies outside - small clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord.the brain and spinal cord.

1313

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters – chemicals that – chemicals that control the transfer of an impulse across control the transfer of an impulse across the synapsethe synapse

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine NorepinephrineNorepinephrine EpinephrineEpinephrine DopamineDopamine SerotoninSerotonin EndorphinsEndorphins

1414

Image shows the parts of a neuron. Review the path of a nervous impulse.

1515

Neurons, Nerves, and Glia Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Glia cells: Glia cells:

Maintain health of nervous systemMaintain health of nervous system

Do not transmit impulsesDo not transmit impulses

1616

Four Types of Glial Cells – Four Types of Glial Cells – p. 348p. 348

Astrocytes (astroglial cells) Astrocytes (astroglial cells) – transport H20 and salts– transport H20 and salts

Microglia (microglial cells) Microglia (microglial cells) – protect neurons in response to – protect neurons in response to inflammationinflammation

Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cellsOligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells) – form myelin sheath.) – form myelin sheath.

Ependymal Ependymal –line membranes in the brain and spinal cord.–line membranes in the brain and spinal cord.

Glial cellsGlial cells

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1818

The Brain p. 348– The Brain p. 348– Controls body Controls body activities, weighs about 3 lbsactivities, weighs about 3 lbs

1919

The CerebrumThe Cerebrum

Largest section of brainLargest section of brain

Surface has nerve cells called cerebral cortex.Surface has nerve cells called cerebral cortex.

Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thoughthearing, and thought

2020

Cerebrum – page 350Cerebrum – page 350

Spaces in the middle of the cerebrum are Spaces in the middle of the cerebrum are called called ventriclesventricles..

Ventricles contain Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid cushions the brain.(CSF). This fluid cushions the brain.

CSFCSF can be removed for testing or relief of can be removed for testing or relief of pressure on the brain.pressure on the brain.

2121

The BrainThe Brain

2222

The Brain The Brain Cerebellum Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements Coordinates voluntary movements Maintains balanceMaintains balance

2323

The BrainThe Brain

Thalamus Thalamus Integrates and monitors impulses from skin Integrates and monitors impulses from skin

(pain)(pain)

2424

HypothalamusHypothalamus

Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotionssexual desire, and emotions

Regulates release of hormones from pituitary Regulates release of hormones from pituitary glandgland

Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems

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The BrainThe Brain

The BrainstemThe Brainstem

PonsPons Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of

the brainthe brain

Houses nerves for face and eyesHouses nerves for face and eyes

2626

The Brainstem The Brainstem (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata Connects spinal cord to brainConnects spinal cord to brain

Nerve tracts from side to sideNerve tracts from side to side

Regulates:Regulates:• Blood vesselsBlood vessels• HeartHeart• Respiratory systemRespiratory system

2727

Pons and MedullaPons and Medulla

2828

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

2929

The Spinal Cord and Meninges The Spinal Cord and Meninges page 351page 351

Spinal cordSpinal cord

3030

MeningesMeninges

MeningesMeninges

3131

VOCABULARY-page 353VOCABULARY-page 353

Acetylcholine Acetylcholine – neurotransmitter released at – neurotransmitter released at

nerve cellsnerve cells

afferent nervesafferent nerves – Carry messages toward brain – Carry messages toward brain

and spinal cordand spinal cord

Arachnoid membraneArachnoid membrane – Middle meninges layer– Middle meninges layer

VOCABULARY-page 353VOCABULARY-page 353

3232

Astrocyte – type of nerve cell that transports

water and salts from capillaries

autonomic nervous system – controls

involuntary body functions

3333

AxonAxon – microscopic fiber that carries the – microscopic fiber that carries the

nervous impulse along a nerve cell.nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

blood-brain barrierblood-brain barrier – capillaires that – capillaires that

selectively let certain substances enter brain selectively let certain substances enter brain

tissue and keep others out.tissue and keep others out.

VOCABULARY- pg 353VOCABULARY- pg 353


3434

cauda equina – collection of spinal nerves

below the end of the spinal cord.

cell body – part of nerve cell that contains

the nucleus

Brainstem – lower portion brain containing

pons and medulla.


3535

central nervous systemcentral nervous system – brain and spinal cord – brain and spinal cord

CerebellumCerebellum – posterior part of brain that – posterior part of brain that

coordinates muscle movements and maintains coordinates muscle movements and maintains

balance.balance.

cerebral cortexcerebral cortex – outer region of brain;containing – outer region of brain;containing

sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brainsheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain


cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – Fluid that – Fluid that

circulates throughout brain and spinal cordcirculates throughout brain and spinal cord

Cerebrum Cerebrum – largest part of brain – largest part of brain

responsible for voluntary muscle activity, responsible for voluntary muscle activity,

vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought,

and memory.and memory.

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3737

DendriteDendrite – microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell – microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell

that is the first part to receive the nervous impulsethat is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

dura materdura mater – thick, outermost layer of the meninges – thick, outermost layer of the meninges

surround and protecting the brain and spinal cordsurround and protecting the brain and spinal cord

efferent nervesefferent nerves – carry messages away from brain – carry messages away from brain

and spinal cord.and spinal cord.

VOCABULARY- pg 353-354VOCABULARY- pg 353-354

3838

VOCABULARY – page 354VOCABULARY – page 354

HypothalamusHypothalamus – –

medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata ––

Meninges Meninges – 3 protective layers that – 3 protective layers that surround brain and spinal cordsurround brain and spinal cord

VOCABULARY – page 354VOCABULARY – page 354

motor nervesmotor nerves – carry messages away from – carry messages away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs. (efferent)organs. (efferent)

myelin sheathmyelin sheath – White fatty tissue that – White fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of the surrounds, and insulates the axon of the nerve cell. Myelin speeds conduction along nerve cell. Myelin speeds conduction along axonsaxons

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4141

NeuronNeuron – nerve cells that carries – nerve cells that carries impulses throughout the bodyimpulses throughout the body

NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter – chemical – chemical messenger released at the end of a messenger released at the end of a nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits another nerve, muscle, or gland cell.another nerve, muscle, or gland cell.

VOCABULARY- page 354VOCABULARY- page 354

4242

VOCABULARY- page 354VOCABULARY- page 354

parasympathetic nerves – Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as HR, breathings and muscles of GI tract

peripheral nervous system – Cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves, nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

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VOCABULARY – pg 355VOCABULARY – pg 355 pia materpia mater – Thin, delicate inner membrane of – Thin, delicate inner membrane of

meningesmeninges

PlexusPlexus – interlacing network of nerves – interlacing network of nerves

ReceptorReceptor – organ that receives a nervous – organ that receives a nervous

stimulation and passes it on to nerves within stimulation and passes it on to nerves within

the body.the body.

VOCABULARY – pg 355VOCABULARY – pg 355

sciatic nervesciatic nerve – nerve extending from the – nerve extending from the

base of the spine down the thigh, lower base of the spine down the thigh, lower

leg, and foot.leg, and foot.

Spinal nervesSpinal nerves – 31 pairs of nerves arising – 31 pairs of nerves arising

from the spinal cord. from the spinal cord.

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4848


sympathetic nervessympathetic nerves – Autonomic nerves – Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stressin times of stress

Vagus nerveVagus nerve – 10– 10thth crainial nerve. Leaves crainial nerve. Leaves the lead and wanders into abdominal and the lead and wanders into abdominal and thoracic cavitites.thoracic cavitites.

ventricles of the braventricles of the brainin – Canals in the – Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluidbrain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

5050

QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

1.1. A sheet of nerve cells that A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellumthe surface of the cerebellum

A.A. microglial microglial B.B. gyrus gyrusC.C. parenchyma parenchymaD.D. stroma stroma

5151

2.2. The thin, delicate inner The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meningesmembrane of the meninges

A.A. pia mater pia materB.B. dura mater dura materC.C. parenchyma parenchymaD.D. stroma stroma


5252

COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS page 356page 356

cerebell/ocerebell/o cerebellumcerebellum

cerebr/ocerebr/o cerebrumcerebrum

dur/odur/o dura materdura mater

Subdural hematomaSubdural hematoma

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

5353

Nervous SystemNervous System

encephal/oencephal/o brainbrain EncephalitisEncephalitis EncephalopathyEncephalopathy AnencephalyAnencephaly

gli/ogli/o glial cellsglial cells

Glioblatoma – highly malignant tumorGlioblatoma – highly malignant tumor

5454

Nervous SystemNervous System

5555

lept/olept/o thin, slenderthin, slender

mening/omening/o membranes, membranes, meninges meninges

my/omy/o muscle muscle

myel/omyel/o spinal cord spinal cord


Combining Forms p. 357Combining Forms p. 357

Combining FormsCombining Forms

neur/oneur/o nerve nerve

pont/opont/o ponspons

radicul/oradicul/o nerve rootnerve root

5656

5757

thalam/othalam/o thalamusthalamus

thec/othec/o sheath sheath ((refers to refers to meningesmeninges) )

vag/ovag/o vagus nervevagus nerve


COMBINING FORMS p. 357-358COMBINING FORMS p. 357-358

5858

alges/o, algesiaalges/o, algesia

algiaalgia

caus/ocaus/o

Sensitivity to painSensitivity to pain

PainPain

BurningBurning

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

page 358-359page 358-359


comat/ocomat/o

esthesi/o,esthesi/o, esthesi/aesthesi/a

kines/o, -kinesiakines/o, -kinesia

Deep sleepDeep sleep

Feeling, nervous Feeling, nervous sensationsensation

movementmovement

5959

6060

-kinesis, -kinesis, kinetickinetic

--lepsylepsy

lex/olex/o

(bradykinesia)(bradykinesia)

(epilepsy)(epilepsy)

(dyslexia)(dyslexia)

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning – word use Meaning – word use

COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS page 359 - 360page 359 - 360


Combining FormCombining Form

-paresis-paresis

-phasia-phasia

Meaning – word useMeaning – word use

(hemiparesis)(hemiparesis)

(aphasia)(aphasia)

6161

6262

-plegia-plegia

-praxia-praxia

-sthenia-sthenia

ParalysisParalysis

ActionAction

StrengthStrength

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

page 360-361page 360-361


Combining FormCombining Form

syncop/osyncop/o

tax/o tax/o

Meaning – word useMeaning – word use

cut offcut off

order, coordinationorder, coordination

6363

6464


3.3. Which term means nerve Which term means nerve pain?pain?

A.A. cephalgia cephalgiaB.B. analgesia analgesiaC.C. hypalgesia hypalgesiaD.D. neuralgia neuralgia

6565


4.4. Which type of hematoma occurs Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura between the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull?fracture of the skull?

A.A. subdural subduralB.B. epidural epidural C.C. intracerebral intracerebral

6666

Pathologic Conditions – p 361Pathologic Conditions – p 361

HydrocephalusHydrocephalus

Spina bifidaSpina bifida Spina bifida cysticaSpina bifida cystica Spina bifida occultaSpina bifida occulta

6767

MeningomyeloceleMeningomyelocele

Degenerative, Movement, and Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders p. 363-364Seizure Disorders p. 363-364

Alzheimer disease Alzheimer disease (AD)(AD)

Amyotrophic lateral Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)sclerosis (ALS)

EpilepsyEpilepsy

Huntington diseaseHuntington disease

Multiple sclerosis (MS)Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis (MG)(MG)

PalsyPalsy

Parkinson diseaseParkinson disease

Tourette syndromeTourette syndrome6868

7070

Bell PalsyBell Palsy

7171

Infectious Disorders – page 366Infectious Disorders – page 366

Herpes zoster (shingles)Herpes zoster (shingles)

MeningitisMeningitis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathyencephalopathy

7272

Neoplastic Disorders page 367Neoplastic Disorders page 367

7373

Traumatic Disorders – page 367Traumatic Disorders – page 367

Cerebral concussionCerebral concussion::

Temporary brain dysfunction after Temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clears within 24 injury, usually clears within 24 hourshours

Cerebral ContusionCerebral Contusion

Bruising of brain Bruising of brain tissue through tissue through direct trauma to direct trauma to headhead

Neurological Neurological deficits persist deficits persist longer than 24 longer than 24 hourshours

7474

7575

CVA cerebral vascular accident – CVA cerebral vascular accident – page 368page 368

ThromboticThrombotic — — blood clot in artery leaving blood clot in artery leaving to the brainto the brain

EmbolicEmbolic — — dislodged clot that travels to dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteriescerebral arteries

HemorrhagicHemorrhagic — — a blood vessel, such as a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occursoccurs

7676

Vascular DisordersVascular Disorders

7777

Clinical Procedures – page 371Clinical Procedures – page 371

X-ray TestsX-ray Tests

Cerebral angiographyCerebral angiography

Computed tomography (CT) of the Computed tomography (CT) of the brainbrain

MyelographyMyelography

Clinical Procedures – page 371Clinical Procedures – page 371 MRIMRI - Magnetic resonance Imaging - Magnetic resonance Imaging

MRAMRA - Magnetic resonance - Magnetic resonance angiogramangiogram

PET PET - Positron emission scan- Positron emission scan

EEG EEG - Electroencephalography- Electroencephalography7878

7979

Lumbar Puncture (LP)Lumbar Puncture (LP)

A needle is inserted in the spinal cord for A needle is inserted in the spinal cord for removal of CSF.removal of CSF.

8080

MRA and MRIMRA and MRI

8181

MRIMRI

8282

CT ScanCT Scan

8383

PET scan reveals the cellular level metabolic PET scan reveals the cellular level metabolic changes occurring in an organ or tissue. changes occurring in an organ or tissue.

8484

PET Scan - Positron Emission PET Scan - Positron Emission Tomography Tomography

The red color shows the highest level of The red color shows the highest level of glucose utilization, yellow represents less glucose utilization, yellow represents less utilization and blue shows the least. utilization and blue shows the least.

8585

Abbreviations page 374Abbreviations page 374AbbreviationsAbbreviations ADAD

AFPAFP

ALSALS

AVMAVM

Alzheimer diseaseAlzheimer disease

alpha-fetoproteinalpha-fetoprotein

amyotrophic lateral sclerosisamyotrophic lateral sclerosis

arteriovenous malformationarteriovenous malformation

Abbreviations – page 374 Abbreviations – page 374

CNS CNS central nervous systemcentral nervous system

CTCT computed tomographycomputed tomography

CVACVA cerebrovascular accidentcerebrovascular accident

CSFCSF cerebrospinal fluidcerebrospinal fluid

8686

8787

EEGEEG

GABAGABA

ICPICP

LPLP

ElectroencephalogramElectroencephalogram

gamma-aminobutyric acidgamma-aminobutyric acid

intracranial pressureintracranial pressure

lumbar puncturelumbar puncture

AbbreviationsAbbreviations


MACMAC

MGMG

MRAMRA

MRIMRI

monitored anesthetic caremonitored anesthetic care

myasthenia gravismyasthenia gravis

magnetic resonance magnetic resonance angiographyangiography

magnetic resonance imagingmagnetic resonance imaging

8888

8989

1/2 P1/2 P

PETPET

SzSz

TBITBI

HemiparesisHemiparesis

positron emission positron emission tomographytomography

SeizureSeizure

traumatic brain injurytraumatic brain injury



TENSTENS

TIATIA

tPAtPA

transcutaneous electrical transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulationnerve stimulation

transient ischemic attacktransient ischemic attack

tissue plasminogen activatortissue plasminogen activator

9090

Chapter 10 Nervous System Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All...

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