Chapter 10

Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

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Pericles

Ruled 461-429 B.C.E. High point of Athenian democracy Aristocratic but popular Massive public works Encouraged cultural development

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Greek Colonization

Population expansion drives colonization Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea

Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city) Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles) Anatolia Southern Ukraine

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Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800-500 B.C.E.

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Effects of Greek Colonization

Trade throughout region Communication of ideas

Language, culture Political and social effects

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The Delian League

Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks

Led by Athens Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion Resented by other poleis

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The Peloponnesian War

Civil war in Greece, 431-404 B.C.E. Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta Athens forced to surrender But conflict continued between Sparta and other

poleis

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Kingdom of Macedon

Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus King Philip II (r. 359-336 B.C.E.) builds massive

military 350 B.C.E., encroaches on Greek poleis to the

south; controls region by 338 B.C.E.

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Alexander of Macedon

“Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin Invasion of Persia successful Turned back in India when exhausted troops

mutinied

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Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.

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The Hellenistic Empires

After Alexander’s death, competition for empire Divided by generals

Antigonus: Greece and Macedon Ptolemy: Egypt Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire

Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization

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The Antigonid Empire

Smallest of Hellenistic empires Local dissent Issue of land distribution

Heavy colonizing activity

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The Ptolemaic Empire

Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Established state monopolies

Textiles Salt Beer

Capital: Alexandria Important port city Major museum, library

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The Seleucid Empire

Massive colonization of Greeks Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India

Bactria Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic

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Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin

Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes Colonies further trade Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of

much of economy

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Panhellenic Festivals

Useful for integrating far-flung colonies Olympic Games begin 776 B.C.E. Sense of collective identity

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Patriarchal Society

Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes Limited exposure in public sphere Sparta partial exception Sappho Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture

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Slavery

Scythians (Ukraine) Nubians (Africa) Chattel Sometimes used in business Opportunity to buy freedom

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The Greek Language

Borrowed Phoenician alphabet Added vowels Complex language

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Science and Mathematics

Use of observable evidence, rational thought Thales predicts eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E. Democritus, atoms Pythagoras, systematic approach to mathematics Hippocrates, human anatomy and physiology

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Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.)

The Socratic method Student: Plato Public gadfly, condemned on charges of

immorality Forced to drink hemlock

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Plato (430-347 B.C.E.)

Systematized Socratic thought Republic

Philosopher kings Theory of Forms or Ideas

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Aristotle (389-322 B.C.E.)

Student of Plato Broke with theory of Forms or Ideas Emphasis on empirical findings, reason Massive impact on western thought

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Greek Theology

Polytheism Zeus principal god Religious cults

Eleusinian mysteries The Bacchae Rituals eventually domesticated

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Tragic Drama

Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals

Major playwrights (fifth century B.C.E.) Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides

Comedy: Aristophanes

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