A Mediterranean EmpireA Mediterranean Empire

Part Two: Rome enters the Part Two: Rome enters the Greek EastGreek East

Rome and the Mediterranean

Alexander’s Legacy: Alexander’s Legacy: The Hellenistic WorldThe Hellenistic World

Antigonid MacedoniaAntigonid Macedonia Seleucid SyriaSeleucid Syria Ptolemaic EgyptPtolemaic Egypt Lesser Kingdoms and Lesser Kingdoms and

Independent States: Pergamum, Independent States: Pergamum, Rhodes, Bithynia, BactriaRhodes, Bithynia, Bactria

““Wild Cards” in Greece: Achaean Wild Cards” in Greece: Achaean and Aetolian Confederationsand Aetolian Confederations

Hellenistic Powers:Hellenistic Powers:Seleucid Syria, Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Syria, Ptolemaic Egypt,

Antigonid MacedoniaAntigonid Macedonia

Rome’s First Step into the Rome’s First Step into the Greek World: The First Illyrian Greek World: The First Illyrian

War (229-228 War (229-228 BCEBCE)) Illyrian Aggression against Italian Illyrian Aggression against Italian

maritime trade (Agron and Teuta)maritime trade (Agron and Teuta) The Roman commission of the The Roman commission of the

CoruncaniiCoruncanii The Campaign of Spring 229 (20,000 The Campaign of Spring 229 (20,000

infantry and 2,000 cavalry)infantry and 2,000 cavalry) Treaty with Queen Teuta (Polybius 2.12):Treaty with Queen Teuta (Polybius 2.12):

Indemnity (unspecified)Indemnity (unspecified) Evacuate large portions of IllyriaEvacuate large portions of Illyria Forbidden to sail beyond Lissus with more Forbidden to sail beyond Lissus with more

than two galleysthan two galleys

““When [the treaty with Queen Teuta] had been When [the treaty with Queen Teuta] had been concluded, Postumius sent envoys to the concluded, Postumius sent envoys to the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues. On their arrival Aetolian and Achaean Leagues. On their arrival these officers first explained the reasons which these officers first explained the reasons which had led to the war and caused the Romans to had led to the war and caused the Romans to cross the Adriatic, next they gave a report of cross the Adriatic, next they gave a report of what had been accomplished in the campaign, what had been accomplished in the campaign, and lastly they read out the treaty which they and lastly they read out the treaty which they had made with the Illyrians. The envoys were had made with the Illyrians. The envoys were received with courtesy by both the leagues, received with courtesy by both the leagues, after which they returned by sea to Corcyra. after which they returned by sea to Corcyra. The conclusion of this treaty had delivered the The conclusion of this treaty had delivered the Greeks from a fear which had hung over them Greeks from a fear which had hung over them all, for the Illyrians were not merely the all, for the Illyrians were not merely the opponents of this people or that, but the opponents of this people or that, but the common enemies of all alike.”common enemies of all alike.”

Polybius, 2.12Polybius, 2.12

Rome and MacedoniaRome and Macedonia Philip V and Hannibal, the pact of 215 Philip V and Hannibal, the pact of 215 BCEBCE The First Macedonian War (214-205 The First Macedonian War (214-205 BCEBCE), ),

minimal Roman effort (Peace of Phoenice)minimal Roman effort (Peace of Phoenice) The Second Macedonian War (200-196 The Second Macedonian War (200-196 BCEBCE))

Rhodes and Pergamum complain of Philip’s Rhodes and Pergamum complain of Philip’s aggression in eastern Mediterranean (alliance aggression in eastern Mediterranean (alliance with Seleucid Syria against weakened with Seleucid Syria against weakened Ptolemies, 203-202)Ptolemies, 203-202)

Cynoscephalae (197) demonstrates superiority Cynoscephalae (197) demonstrates superiority of manipular formation over phalanxof manipular formation over phalanx

Flamininus’ Isthmian Proclamation, 196 Flamininus’ Isthmian Proclamation, 196 BCEBCE (Greek Freedom)(Greek Freedom)

Carthaginian-Macedonian Alliance of Carthaginian-Macedonian Alliance of 215 BCE215 BCE

““And you will render assistance to us And you will render assistance to us in the war in which we are engaged in the war in which we are engaged with the Romans until the gods with the Romans until the gods vouchsafe the victory to us and to you, vouchsafe the victory to us and to you, and you will give us such help as we and you will give us such help as we have need of or as we agree upon.”have need of or as we agree upon.”

Polybius, Polybius, HistoriesHistories, 7.9, 7.9

Antiochene War, 192-189 Antiochene War, 192-189 BCEBCE

Antiochus III the Great, King of Antiochus III the Great, King of Seleucid SyriaSeleucid Syria ““Spear-Won” EmpireSpear-Won” Empire The Eastern CampaignThe Eastern Campaign

Disgruntled Aetolians and the Disgruntled Aetolians and the “Treaty of Laevinus” (212/211 “Treaty of Laevinus” (212/211 BCEBCE))

The Battle at MagnesiaThe Battle at Magnesia Scipios command Roman forcesScipios command Roman forces

Laevinus Treaty, 212/211 BCELaevinus Treaty, 212/211 BCE

““If any cities of those [enemy] nations are If any cities of those [enemy] nations are seized by force by the Romans, as far as the seized by force by the Romans, as far as the Roman people are concerned the Aetolian Roman people are concerned the Aetolian people may take possession of those cities and people may take possession of those cities and those territories; whatever [movable] property those territories; whatever [movable] property the Romans capture the Romans shall possess. the Romans capture the Romans shall possess. If any of those cities are captured by the If any of those cities are captured by the Romans and the Aetolians jointly, as far as the Romans and the Aetolians jointly, as far as the Roman people are concerned the Aetolians Roman people are concerned the Aetolians may take possession of those cities and their may take possession of those cities and their territories; whatever they [jointly] capture territories; whatever they [jointly] capture besides the city, they shall share it equally. If besides the city, they shall share it equally. If any of those cities capitulates or surrenders any of those cities capitulates or surrenders [without resistance] to the Romans or the [without resistance] to the Romans or the Aetolians, as far as the Roman people are Aetolians, as far as the Roman people are concerned those men and cities and their concerned those men and cities and their territories may be admitted by the Aetolians territories may be admitted by the Aetolians into their league.”into their league.”

Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSupplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, XIII, , XIII, no. 382no. 382

Third Macedonian War, 172-Third Macedonian War, 172-167 167 BCEBCE

King Perseus of Macedonia, son of King Perseus of Macedonia, son of Philip VPhilip V Addresses socio-economic problems in Addresses socio-economic problems in

Greece, including debt reliefGreece, including debt relief Eumenes II of Pergamum stirs up Eumenes II of Pergamum stirs up

Roman suspicions against PerseusRoman suspicions against Perseus Roman propaganda represents Perseus Roman propaganda represents Perseus

as a social revolutionaryas a social revolutionary The Battle at Pydna, 168 The Battle at Pydna, 168 BCEBCE

The 1,000 hostages (Polybius)The 1,000 hostages (Polybius) The Four “Independent” The Four “Independent”

Macedonian RepublicsMacedonian Republics

Rome:Greece::Patron:ClientRome:Greece::Patron:Client Flamininus’ Isthmian Proclamation (196 BCE)Flamininus’ Isthmian Proclamation (196 BCE)

—Catch 22?—Catch 22? Classic Misunderstandings: Rome and Aetolia Classic Misunderstandings: Rome and Aetolia

(The Macedonian-Aetolian Peace Treaty of 206; (The Macedonian-Aetolian Peace Treaty of 206; Glabrio, Phaneas, Glabrio, Phaneas, deditiodeditio, and chains), and chains)

Rhodes and Pergamum as ArbitersRhodes and Pergamum as Arbiters Rhodes and the free port at DelosRhodes and the free port at Delos Romans foster internal discord at PergamumRomans foster internal discord at Pergamum

Antiochus IV Epiphanes and “The Day of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and “The Day of Eleusis” in 168 (Polyb. 29.27.1-9)Eleusis” in 168 (Polyb. 29.27.1-9)

Andriscus and the Macedonian Revolt, 149 BCEAndriscus and the Macedonian Revolt, 149 BCE Achaean War, Roman sacking of Corinth, 146 Achaean War, Roman sacking of Corinth, 146

BCEBCE The Third Punic War, Sack of Carthage in 146 The Third Punic War, Sack of Carthage in 146

BCEBCE

C. Popillius Laenas, Antiochus IV C. Popillius Laenas, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and “The Day of Eleusis,” 168 Epiphanes, and “The Day of Eleusis,” 168

BCEBCE

““At the time when Antiochus approached Ptolemy At the time when Antiochus approached Ptolemy and meant to occupy Pelusium, Caius Popillius and meant to occupy Pelusium, Caius Popillius Laenas, the Roman commander, on Antiochus Laenas, the Roman commander, on Antiochus greeting him from a distance and then holding greeting him from a distance and then holding out his hand, handed to the king…the copy of the out his hand, handed to the king…the copy of the senatorial decree, and told him to read it first…senatorial decree, and told him to read it first…But when the king…said he would like to But when the king…said he would like to communicate with his friends…Popillius acted in communicate with his friends…Popillius acted in a manner which was thought to be offensive and a manner which was thought to be offensive and exceedingly arrogant. He was carrying a stick cut exceedingly arrogant. He was carrying a stick cut from a vine, and with this he drew a circle round from a vine, and with this he drew a circle round Antiochus and told him he must remain inside Antiochus and told him he must remain inside this circle until he gave his decision…The king this circle until he gave his decision…The king was astonished at this authoritative proceeding, was astonished at this authoritative proceeding, but, after a few minutes hesitation, said he would but, after a few minutes hesitation, said he would do all that the Romans demanded.”do all that the Romans demanded.”

Polybius, 29.27.1-6Polybius, 29.27.1-6