Chapter 10. Illustrations Story or anecdote example of ▪ An idea, issue, or problem being...
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Transcript of Chapter 10. Illustrations Story or anecdote example of ▪ An idea, issue, or problem being...
Illustrations Story or anecdote example of
▪ An idea, issue, or problem being discussed
▪ Brief Illustrations▪ A sentence or two to drive home a point
▪ Extended Illustrations▪ Like a short story
▪ Hypothetical Illustrations▪ Situations or events that haven’t actually occurred▪ “Imagine you are stranded on a deserted island”
Illustrations Using illustrations effectively▪ Relevance to subject being supported▪ Should represent a trend▪ Avoid illustrations using rare instances
▪ Vivid & specific▪ Don’t drag out using too many details
Illustrations Using illustrations effectively▪ Listeners should identify with▪ Human drama, triumph, pain, joy etc.
▪ Personal ones are best▪ A personal story that can be an illustration
Powerful effect on the audience "Overcoming personal challenge" "Impact of a personal decision"
Descriptions & Explanations▪ Most commonly used form of support
Describing▪ To produce word pictures▪ Appeal to audience senses
Explaining how▪ When discussing a process▪ How a jury is selected
Explaining Why▪ Provide reason or consequences of something
Descriptions and Explanations Using them effectively▪ Keep them brief▪ If too long, will bore audience
▪ Use specific and concrete language▪ To keep info lively & interesting
▪ Avoid too much▪ Too much of the same becomes boring
Definitions▪ Use to clarify uncommon terms
Definitions by Classification▪ From a reference book/dictionary
Operational Definitions▪ Explaining how something worksor what it does
Definitions Using Them Effectively▪ Use definitions when needed▪ Not as time filler or for common terms
▪ Be certain there understandable▪ Avoid definitions that leave audience confused
▪ Make definitions consistent with use in speech▪ These two nations will never be friendly their amity goes back centuries
Analogies▪ Comparison used to increase understanding
Literal Analogies▪ Comparison between two similar things
Figurative Analogies▪ Comparison between two seemingly different things▪ Simile▪ Metaphor
Analogies Using analogies effectively▪ Make sure things compared literally are similar▪ The different eras of recession, ▪ Artists or entertainers with similar styles
▪ Similarity in figurative comparisons should be apparent▪ The workplace was a seething snake pit…
Statistics▪ Use of numbers to define a fact
Using statistics as support▪ Use 3 or 4 brief examples to be effective
Statistics Using statistics effectively▪ Using reliable sources▪ Reputable – Gov. organizations, research reports, etc▪ Authoritative – Primary sources -> secondary sources▪ Unbiased – Sources not associated with special interest groups
▪ Interpret statistics accurately▪ The population of native American students has increased over 3oo % in just the last 3 semesters
Statistics▪ Round off numbers▪ If statistics have odd numbers, round them off for audience ▪ 2,003,456 -> 2,000,000
▪ Use visuals to present your statistics▪ Use graphs, tables, charts, etc▪ This will help audience recall or relate to the statistics you are sharing
Opinions▪ Statements from people regarding ideas or topics
Expert Testimony▪ Opinion or statement from an expert in a given field
Lay Testimony▪ The statement or opinion of the average person
Literary quotations▪ Quote from an article or book