Biological Theories Criticisms ▪Ignores some types of crimes ▪White-collar ▪Organized...
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Transcript of Biological Theories Criticisms ▪Ignores some types of crimes ▪White-collar ▪Organized...
![Page 1: Biological Theories Criticisms ▪Ignores some types of crimes ▪White-collar ▪Organized ▪Political crime ▪Focuses on aggression or antisocial behavior in.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ef35503460f94c061cb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biological Theories Criticisms
▪ Ignores some types of crimes▪ White-collar
▪ Organized
▪ Political crime
▪ Focuses on aggression or antisocial behavior in children and street crime in adults
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Policy Implications (1 of 2)
▪ Still fear of ethical problems▪ Biology not necessarily destiny
▪ Provide unsound justifications for the control of minority populations
▪ New eugenics
▪ Gene therapy
▪ Discrimination based on presence of biological risk indicators
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Policy Implications (2 of 2)
▪ The upside? Criminality as a public health problem▪ Prenatal care for at-risk mothers
▪ Strengthen environmental counterbalances for children with biological risk indicators
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Psychology and Crime
▪ How does a psychologist or psychiatrist develop and understand the criminal mind?
▪ What does psychology contribute to the study of the criminal mind?
▪ What is the psychological approach to the study of crime?
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Psychoanalytic Theory
▪ Sigmund Freud ▪ 1856–1939
▪ Psychic Determinism A CIGAR IS NEVER JUST A CIGAR
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Freudian Elements of Personality
▪ Conscious vs. Unconscious Mind
▪ Id: “If it feels good, do it!”
▪ Superego: conscience—“Stealing is wrong.”
▪ Ego: psychological thermostat that regulates the wishes of the id with the social restrictions of the superego
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Defense Mechanisms
▪ Used to reduce anxiety REPRESSION RATIONALIZATION DENIAL PROJECTION
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Freudian Explanations of Delinquency
▪ Overactive Id
▪ Delinquent Superego
▪ Delinquent Ego
Crimes with “special meaning” Translating psychoanalysis into rehabilitation?
Works for articulate adult neurotics who can talk out their problems…
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Policy Implications of Freudian Theory
▪ Drawbacks▪ Almost impossible to test empirically (Cannot
be directly observed and measured)
▪ Still maintains a place in psychology of criminal behavior
Many concepts from Freud used in modern theory– LOW SELF CONTROL– PRO-CRIMINAL ATTITUDES
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Principles of Learning
▪ Three types of learning▪ Classical conditioning
▪ Operant conditioning
▪ Observational (vicarious) learning
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Classical Conditioning
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Principles of Learning
▪ Positive reinforcement: increases the target behavior by rewarding the individual
▪ Negative reinforcement: increases the target behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus
▪ Punishment: reduces the odds of the target behavior being repeated
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Principles of Learning
▪ Delinquency tied to parents’ failure to effectively condition their children away from bad behavior
Inconsistent and harsh punishment (Glueck and Glueck).
▪ Effective parenting (monitoring, punishing, and reinforcing behavior)nondeliquent children (Patterson).
▪ Parental behaviors may have few effects on the child’s long-term development (Harris).
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Principles of Learning
GERALD PATTERSON AND FRIENDS
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Observational Learning
▪ Albert Bandura (Bobo doll experiments): most human learning is not based on trial and error (operant conditioning).
▪ Effects on criminal behaviors are difficult to determine.
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Media and Crime
▪ Does media (TV and movies) influence aggression, violence, and criminal behavior?
▪ Conducive to role modeling▪ Perpetrators not punished
▪ Targets of violence show little pain
▪ Few long-term negative consequences Some evidence (but still debate)—reducing
exposure may reduce aggression
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Policy Implications of Behaviorism
▪ Criminals can learn pro-social behaviors to replace criminal actions.▪ Classical Conditioning Aversion therapy
▪ Operant Conditioning Token economy
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Cognitive Psychology
▪ Humans’ ability to engage in complex thoughts influences behavior.
▪ Cognitions (like behaviors) can be learned.
▪ Focus on:▪ Cognitive structure (how people think)
▪ Cognitive content (what people think)
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Cognitive Structure
▪ Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning: humans advance through predictable stages of moral reasoning
▪ Self-control
▪ Ability to empathize
▪ Ability to anticipate consequences
▪ Ability to control anger
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (1 of 2)
▪ Stage 1▪ Right is blindly obeying those with power and
authority.▪ Emphasis is on avoiding punishment.▪ Interests of others are not considered.
▪ Stage 2▪ Right is furthering one’s own interests.▪ Interests of others are important only as a way to
satisfy self-interests.▪ Stage 3
▪ Moral reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other’s standards.
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▪ Stage 4▪ Right is following the rules of society and maintaining
important social institutions (e.g., family, community).
▪ Stage 5▪ Moral decisions are made by weighing individual rights
against legal principles and the common good.
▪ Stage 6▪ Moral decisions are based on universal principles (e.g.,
human dignity, desire for justice).▪ Principles are considered across different contexts and
are independent of the law.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (2 of 2)
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Cognitive Content
▪ Rationalizations or denials that support criminal behavior▪ For example, a criminal thinks, “I’m not really
hurting anyone.” Extremely common for sex offenders
▪ Criminals are more likely to express such thoughts Sociologists are often skeptical (time-ordering) Psychologists: NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
▪
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Policy Implications of Cognitive Psychology
▪ Cognitive theory translates easily into practice. Cognitive skills programs teach offenders
cognitive skills like moral reasoning, anger management, or self-control.
Cognitive restructuring attempts to change the content of an individual’s thoughts.
▪ Combination cognitive-behavioral have track record of success
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Theory in Action
▪ Multisystematic therapy (MST)▪ Creator Scott Henggeler and associates
▪ Reduces criminal behavior
▪ Comprehensive approach
▪ Targets many areas for change
▪ Uses many different techniques (not just cognitive-behavioral programs)
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Personality and Crime
▪ Crime and delinquency related to the presence of some personality trait
▪ Personality trait: a characteristic of an individual that is stable over time and across different social circumstances
▪ Personality: the sum of personality traits that define a person
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Personality Traits and Crime (1 of 3)
▪ A number of related traits combine to form super factors
▪ Several different models▪ Five-factor model
▪ Tellegen’s personality model
▪ Recent studies use the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ)
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Personality Traits and Crime (2 of 3)
▪ Personality dimensions in the MPQ▪ Constraint
▪ Traditionalism
▪ Harm avoidance
▪ Control
▪ Negative emotionality▪ Aggression
▪ Alienation
▪ Stress reaction
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Personality Traits and Crime (3 of 3)
▪ Personality dimensions in the MPQ▪ Positive emotionality
▪ Achievement
▪ Social potency
▪ Well-being
▪ Social closeness
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Criminal Personality:The Psychopath
▪ A distinct “criminal personality”
▪ One of the oldest concepts in criminology “MORAL INSANITY”
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Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) from DSM-IV
1. Disregard for the rights of others. At least three of the following:
behaves in a way that is grounds for arrest, deceitful and manipulative, impulsive, aggressive, irresponsible, lack of remorse
2. Age 18 or older
3. A history of child conduct disorder
4. Antisocial behavior not a product of schizophrenic episode
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“Psychopath” is narrower concept
Hervey Cleckley’s (1957) The Mask of Sanity
Key features: Manipulative, Superficial charm, Above-average intelligence, Absence of psychotic symptoms, Absence of anxiety, Lack of remorse, Failure to learn from experience, Egocentric, Lack of emotional depth
Other Characteristics: Trivial Sex life, Unreliable, Failure to follow a life plan, Untruthful, Suicide attempts rarely genuine, Impulsive, Antisocial behavior
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HARE PCL
The Psychopathy Checklist Interview Measures different aspects of psychopathy
(each scored on a 0-2 scale) Has produced very interesting studies
(difference between psychopath and non-psychopath inmates)
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Policy Implications of Personality Theory
▪ Personality traits consistently predict delinquency and crime.
▪ Criticisms: Personality traits are often portrayed as impossible
to change (See, Psychopathy) What causes personality traits?
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Intelligence and Crime
▪ “Feeblemindedness” was once thought to be a cause of crime.
▪ What exactly is IQ and how does it relate to criminal behavior?
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A Brief History of Intelligence Testing
▪ Binet started out like his peers: Measuring people’s skull size Not much difference—worried about bias in the tests Developed a “hodgepodge” of tests measure identify
learning disabled children Not meant to be a measuring device for intelligence in
“normal” students
Translated to English, used to identify “morons” and “low grade defectives” as part of eugenics
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IQ and Crime
▪ There is an IQ gap of 8–10 points between criminals and noncriminals, even when statistically controlled for race and social class.
▪ IQ is not a very strong indicator of criminal behavior. But, it does consistently predict
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IQ and Crime
▪ Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang▪ The Bell Curve
▪Direct effect
▪ Most criminologists find evidence of indirect effects
IQ School, Peers, etc. Crime
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▪ The common emphasis of all psychological theories is on the individual.
▪ Modern Theory LEARNING COGNITION and IQ PERSONALITY
▪ Many psychological theories translate well into treatment programs.
Conclusion