Chapter 1 Intro to A&P

Anatomy (structures) & Physiology (functions of structures) *Structure of a part dictates the function Loss of structure = loss of function Pathophysiology = physiology gone bad

Levels of Organization: Atom- Molecule- Cell- Tissue- Organ- Organ

System- Organism Organization determines structure > function

Characteristics of Life 1. Metabolism 2. Responsiveness 3. Movement 4. Growth 5. Differentiation 6. Reproduction

Homeostasis- “ Staying the same” protection of our cell by internal

environment to keep constant Ex: BP, HR, Respiration, O2/CO2

Control of:-there are constant stressors- heat, cold,

O2, blood glucose thermostat in room- in body it is the

hypothalamus

Regulation Auto regulation (intrinsic)

Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ

Extrinsic Regulation controlled by feedback systems

(nervous (short term)/endocrine (long term hormones)

3 main players of Homeostasis: Receptor-receives stimulus Control center- processes signal Effector- carries instructions

Homeostasis continued

Feedback system:1)Negative- reverse original stimulus, return conditions to normal*most all body systems are neg.Examples: a) temperature maintenance in hot Julya. Receptor- thermoreceptors in skinb. control center- hypothalamusc. effector- sweat glands*muscle cells in walls of blood vessels relax and dilate > blood flows closer to skin surface to release heat and body sweats b)Dehydration on hot daya. receptor- osmoreceptors in skinb. control center- hypothalamusc. effector- increased secretion of ADH*conserves water in body

2)Positive- enhance the original stimulus (feed forward)ex: uterine contractions & scab formation

Systems work together to maintain homeostasis State of Equilibrium

Dynamic Equilibrium- continual adaptation Systems work to restore balance Failure results in disease or death

Homeostatic Imbalances 1) disorder- abnormal function 2) disease- more specific term for

illness, set of signs and symptoms 3) local vs. systemic 4) signs- objective changes

(measurable) – blood pressure, temp 5) symptoms- subjective changes

(feeling)- nausea, pain, fatigue

Organ Systems- Know organs and functions pg 8-9 1) Integumentary 2) Skeletal 3) Muscular 4) Nervous 5) Endocrine 6) Circulatory 7) Respiratory 8) Digestive 9) Urinary 10) Reproductive 11) Lymphatic

Direction Terms- Pg 17

Anatomical Position- face forward, palms forward

Body Sections- pg 18 1)Sagittal- parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body

or organ, right and left sidesa.Midsagittal- equal parts, through the middleb.Parasagittal- to the right or left, not equal parts

2)Transverse or cross section- right angles to longitudinal axis, divides into inferior and superior parts

3)Coronal or frontal- divides into dorsal and ventral, ant and post. In humans (front and back)

4) Oblique- cut at an angle

Body Cavities and Organs in them (viscera)1)Axial- head, neck, and trunka. dorsal 1.cranial- brain 2.vertebral- spinal cord and backbonesb.ventral 1. thoracic- lungs and mediastinum (separates right and left), heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus

*separation by diaphragm

2. abdominopelvic- a. abdominal- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines b. pelvic- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

2)Appendicular- upper and lower limbs

Membranes1)Pleural

a. parietal- wall of lungsb.visceral- lungs

2) Pericardial- heartepicardium- heart’s actual surface

3) Peritoneal- abdominopelvic cavitya. parietal- wallsb. visceral- each organ

Abdominopelvic cavity contains peritoneal cavity, a space lined by serous membrane known as the peritoneum Parietal peritoneum-lines inner surface of

body wall Visceral peritoneum- covers enclosed organs

Retroperitoneal- organs that lie between the peritoneal linking & the muscular wall of abdominal cavity Ex: kidneys

Infraperitoneal- lie inferior to peritoneal cavity Ex: bladder, distal large intestine

Smaller cavities in the head 1) Oral- mouth 2) Nasal- nose 3) Orbital- eye 4) Middle ear