Question/answer pool

Thomas, J. & Sosin, L. (n.d.) Therapeutic expedition: Equipping the Christian counselor

for the journey

CHAPTER 11. Counselors need a wide range of knowledge, skills, and abilities if the most effective help

is to be provided. (T, pp. 6,7)2. The bottom line is that effective counselors need a strong base of counseling skills that

can be adapted as necessary to meet the needs of a particular counselee. (T, p. 7)3. The accuracy of a worldview is not measured by how closely it aligns with biblical truth.

(F, p. 7)4. Clinically speaking, counselors can harm a counselee when unaware of the worldview

that supports their helping efforts. (T, p. 11)5. A worldview will control the way you think, treat others, and persevere in ministry. (F, p.

12)6. The Bible is the epistemological base for all worldview components. (T, p. 22)7. Entwistle (2004a) characterized truth as revealed in two books: God’s word (Scripture)

and God’s work (creation). (T, p. 22)8. The foundation of the “helping house” is the individual helper’s theology. (F, p. 8)9. Biblically grounded counselors realize that their own life needs to be spirit-filled and

their counseling theory, model, and theology must be informed bya. Correct methodologyb. *Biblical truth (p. 9)c. Philosophical truthd. Sound advice

10. A worldview is:a. Intensely practicalb. The big picture that directs daily decisions and actionsc. The philosophical structure that permeates into our entire consciousnessd. *All the above (p. 12)

11. Philosophically, a worldview is constructed out of four raw materials or subject matters: Cosmology, epistemology, teleology, anda. Soteriologyb. *Axiology (p. 13)c. Ecclesiologyd. Ontology

12. Cosmology seeks to answer the question:a. *Where did I come from (p. 13)b. Where are we going?c. Why am I here?d. All the above

13. Epistemology asks the fundamental question:a. Why do I do what I do?b. Where are we going?

c. *How do you know what you know? (p. 14)d. Answers a and c

14. Broadly speaking, one of three standards is used to determine the accuracy of one’s worldview: self, society anda. *Religious source (p. 17)b. Relativismc. Reasond. Emotion

15. In the acrostic CREATES, which form seven key aspects of God’s nature, R representsa. Reliableb. Reasonablec. Responsibled. *Relational (p. 18)

16. From a biblical worldview perspective, reason, revelation, and ______________all play a valid role in the search for truth.a.*scientific method (p. 20)b. wise counselc. psychologyd. philosophy

17. The epistemology of a biblical worldview begins with the presupposition that the Scriptures are inspired, inerrant, and a. immutableb. sufficientc. inexhaustibled. *authoritative (p. 22)

18. Understanding the nature of humanity as being created in God’s image is no small task becausea. We are beautifully and wonderfully madeb. We are complex to understandc. Every counselee bears God’s imaged. *All the above (p. 24)

19. Number four, of the eight aspects of man’s nature is:a. We bear a distorted and twisted image of Godb. We have the gift of free choicec. Each human being has inherent valued. *We are spiritual beings whose spiritual hearts are dead without Christ and beaten and

bruised by sin. (p. 24)20. Because the physical world is fallen . . .

a. Science will never be the perfect means of knowing truth or knowing God.b. Pain, suffering, and stress will be constant companions to mankind’s existence.c. The broken world cannot be repaired through human agency.d. God is sovereign over His creation and will one day restore it.e. *All of the above (p. 30)

CHAPTER 2

1. A survey of approximately 10,000 adults showed that one out of every ten Americans meets criteria for psychological disorder in any given year. (F, p. 41)

2. Research seems to indicate that only about one-third of the people who need counseling actually receive it. (T, p. 42)

3. Through counseling, people can discover the deep seated beliefs, attitudes, and expectations that drive their behavior. (T, p. 43)

4. The desire to become a better person motivates more than a few to seek counseling. (T, p. 46)

5. For the Christian, the ultimate goal of counseling is that it is a vehicle to achieve a connection with God that was previously considered impossible. (T, p. 47)

6. The similarities between counseling and psychotherapy are such that distinctions between the two are artificial and serve little function. (T, p. 52)

7. Unlike artists, lawyers, and teachers, it stands to reason that some counselors will achieve better results than others. (F, p. 54)

8. According to Beutler (1991) the counselor-counselee match is the strongest predictor of outcome. (T, p. 55)

9. Regardless of the referral source, the underlying motivator for seeking counseling isa. *Pain (p. 42)b. Godc. Conscienced. Advice from a friend

10. When hope is misplaced, stolen, or lost it createsa. A vacuum that leads many to a a counselorb. A loss of direction and despairc. Belief that the future will be a continuation of the pastd. *All of the above (p. 43)

11. The four levels of helping are guidance, discipleship, counseling anda. Mentoringb. *Psychotherapy (p. 50)c. Friendshipd. Confrontation

12. Discipleship is an interpersonal and interactive process of helping thata. Helps someone apply biblical truth for the purpose of producing spiritual maturity.b. Facilitates spiritual transformation in the counselee’s life.c. Is much closer to spiritual mentoring and coaching.d. Has the ultimate objectives of producing Christ-like maturity.e. *All of the above (pp. 51,52)

13. Psychotherapya. *Takes the counselee to a deeper level than counseling (p. 53)b. Circumvents aspects of the personality structurec. Addresses the internal processes, not the external processes, that stimulate behaviord. All of the above

14. Studies indicate thata. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling is most effective.b. Adlerian counseling is most effective.c. Solution-focused counseling is most effective.d. *The effectiveness is relatively the same (pp. 54,55)

15. According to Asayand Lambert (1999) the following is true of factors that contribute to better counseling outcomea. 15% of change was attributable to specific counseling exchangeb. 85% of counselee improvement was attributed to counseling relationship, placebo

effects, and other factorsc. Counselee expectations play a role in counseling outcomed. *All of the above (p. 55)

16. Counseling is more of an art becausea. *It involves more subjective than objective processes (p. 56)b. Subjective processes are much easier to teach and learnc. Technique is more important than assimilation of learning into a personal worldview

17. According to Hansen, Stevic, and Warners (1982), for theory to have counseling and therapy meet, each one must a. *Be clear, easily understood, and communicable (p. 58)b. Generate curiosity about the subjectc. Be creative and allow for divergent applicationsd. Be specific in supplying explanations for select phenomena

18. Which of the following would not be an example of a counseling model?a. Psychodynamicb. *Nouthetic (p. 58)c. Cognitive

19. Which of the following is not “a leg” of the counseling stool model of practice?a. The person of the counselorb. *The counselor’s complete passages (p. 59)c. The counselor’s philosophy and theoryd. The counselor’s knowledge and skill

20. In the acrostic COUNSELING INTENTIONS, “L” representsa. Life-styleb. *Limits (p. 61)c. Legalized. Looking

CHAPTER 31. Some people actually get worse and are even harmed in counseling. (T, p. 68)2. Countertransference occurs when a counselor projects his emotional reaction to or

behavior toward the counselee. (T, p. 69)3. The nature of counseling typically brings together a person who is sensitive and caring

with people who are sensitive and caring. (F, p. 76)

4. According to Cushway, Tyler, and Nolan, occupational stress can cause ill health, absenteeism, high workforce turnover, reduced efficiency and performance, and burnout. (T, p. 76)

5. The most damaging and common type of countertransference involves sexual issues. (T, p. 73)

6. Through the eyes and ears of their counselee, counselors absorb the pain of the counselees. (T, p. 77)

7. The impact of compassion fatigue is relatively minor. (F, p. 77)8. Addressing the fallout of helping is both the responsibility of each counselor and the

organization that employs him. (T, pp. 77, 78)9. Among the five potential hazards that can place a counselee’s welfare in jeopardy are:

a. Countertransferenceb. Academic deficiencyc. Projectiond. All of the abovee. *A and C (p. 69)

10. Which of the following are not included in the author’s list of counselor unmet needs?a. The need to feel powerfulb. The need to parentc. The need to be neededd. *The need to be courageous (p. 71)e. The need to be validated

11. Countertransferencea. Stirs up strong emotions within the soul of the counseleeb. Has the capacity to wreak havoc in your lifec. Occurs when the counselor allows internal reactions to the counselee to take control

of his lifed. *All of the above (p. 76)

12. According to Kottler, the emotional toll of caring includes loss of sleep, one-way intimacy, fatigue, narcissism, conflict anda. *Financial problems (p. 76)b. Anger managementc. Sexual distress

13. According to Brady, Healy, Norcross, and Guy, research points to moderate depression, mild anxiety, emotional exhaustion and ____________________as the common residue of immersing ourselves in the inner world of distress and distressing people.a. Bi-polar disorderb. Narcissistic personality disorderc. *Disrupted relationships (p. 76)

14. Smith, Kleijn, and Hutschemekers identified three hazardous categories of counselor reactions to therapeutic work: traumatic, _______________, and situational.a. *Interactional (p. 77)b. Theologicalc. Sociological

15. Counselors endure stressors that are unique to the counseling profession such as:a. Inadequate financial support

b. *Threats of malpractice suits or ethical complaints (p. 77)c. Personal criticismd. All the above

16. Figley suggests that burnout, countertransference, _____________________and related problems mask the issue of compassion fatigue.a. *Worker dissatisfaction (p. 77)b. Personality typec. Attachment issues

17. Many counselors are ministry-minded, business minded, or ________________to admit that a problem might exist.a. Ethically-mindedb. Financially-orientedc. *Proud (p. 78)

18. Which actions can be taken by the counselor to prevent harm?a. Work with integrityb. Maintain good self-carec. Get personal counselingd. Remember that you are responsible to your counselee not for your counselee.e. *All of the above (pp. 78,79)

19. When we operate with ______________we will not feed the flesh or are clearly harmful to the counselee.a. Loveb. *Integrity (p. 78)c. Respect

20. Which of the following would not be a step toward maintaining good self-care?a. Deal with known sinb. Know your weaknessesc. *Stay physically fit (p. 78)d. Seek help if necessary

CHAPTER 41. According to Corey, Skovholt, & Jennings, you the counselor are the most important

ingredient in the helping process. (T, p. 83)2. As the Holy Spirit indwells, fills, and equips you, the counseling will naturaly follow out

of God’s absolute truth and principles for living. (T, p. 85)3. A taxonomy of counselor development includes the development of the counselor’s head,

hands, and heart. (T, p. 88)4. According to Wilson (1990) Christian counselors are applied theologians who possess

both the knowledge and skills of their secular counterparts, but perceive people and circumstances through a biblical lens. (T, p. 88)

5. Knowledge of counseling without counseling skill is like knowing how to drive but having frequent accidents. (F, p. 90)

6. According to Marcus (2007), the self-aware helper has the capacity to use countertransference as a diagnostic indicator. (T, p. 105)

7. Suffering is a required course that can greatly benefit others as well as each of us. (T, p. 113)

8. After gaining insight into any unresolved issues, trainees are encouraged to obtain personal counseling to work through them. (T, p. 115)

9. The person of the counselor encompasses all of the experiences, personality, gifts, spirituality, ethics, values, and _________________of the helper.a. *Relational affiliations (p. 85)b. Academic preparationc. Social networksd. Financial base

10. In the illustration of the house, the counselor’s worldview is represented by thea. Atticb. *Basement (p. 86)c. Upper floord. Main floor

11. In the house illustration, the counselor’s theoretical orientation is represented by thea. *Attic (p. 86)b. Main floorc. Basementd. Upper floor

12. The house illustration depicts the environment of the individual as thea. Main floorb. Basementc. *Ground (p. 86)d. Upper floor

13. Theologically, the Bible delineates four core events that capture the story of mankind: creation, the fall, redemption, anda. The churchb. Sanctificationc. *The new life in Christ (p. 90)d. The second coming of Christ

14. As human beings we bring our personal histories, values, attitudes, interpersonal styles, personal baggage, and _______________into the counseling relationship.a. Skillsb. *Emotions (p. 82)c. Biasesd. Certifications

15. Counselor attitudes include attitudes about God, Christ, the Holy Spirit, the world and the Word, as well as

a. *Attitudes about the calling (p. 94)

b. Attitudes about minorities

c. Attitudes about injustice

d. All the above

16. In addressing the needs of an increasingly multicultural society, you need to be prepared to work with counselees while considering race, ethnicity, social class, generational differences, gender, sexual orientation, anda. Family of originb. *Disability status (p. 102)c. Physical health

17. Self-awareness refers to a person’s insight and understanding ofa. Inner feelings and attitudesb. Beliefs and valuesc. Vulnerabilities and inadequaciesd. *All of the above (p. 104)

18. In order to fulfill the calling in becoming the person God has called him to be, the counselor musta. *Deal with known sin (p. 106)b. Attend seminaryc. Learn to use Scripture effectivelyd. Renounce ownership of thingse. All of the above

19. Coping strategies for the counselor would includea. Create balance in your lifeb. Take time for yourselfc. Practice self-acceptanced. Maintain a strong social support systeme. *All of the above (pp. 111,112)

20. Personal counseling can help the counselor better understand his motivations, explore how his needs influence his actions, discover how he uses power to interact with others anda. Learn the appropriate methodology to use with clients.b. *Determine if he is prone to using the counseling role to persuade rather than to

facilitate. (p. 114)c. Gain insight into countertransference tendencies.

CHAPTER 51. Basic counselor skills either target content or process. (T, p. 126)2. According to Fitzpatrick & Irannejad (2008) and Kivlizhan (2007) research supports the

belief that the relationship between counselor and counselee is likely the most central component to counseling effectiveness. (T, p. 131)

3. You can provide safety by not informing your counselees that you view human problems and struggles as a normal part of a fallen world. (F, p. 134)

4. The conditions that engender this safe haven for counselees are both tangible and intangible. (T, p. 134)

5. In the acronym SOLER, the “O” stands for maintaining the “open” posture. (T, p. 141)6. Each person does not have a primary representational modality that process each life

experience. (F, p. 144)7. The most notable theoretical orientation that uses empathy is feminist theory. (F, p. 146)8. Changing people is the work of the Holy Spirit, not the work of the counselor. (T, p. 149)9. The most basic skills of counseling can be categorized into three functions: skills that

help the counselor connect with the counselee, skills to help the counselor explore the counselee’s presenting concerns and issues, anda. *Skills of facilitation (p. 126)b. Skills that enhance understandingc. Skills that enable the counselor to confront the counselee’s inadequaciesd. All the above

10. To establish and maintain a solid therapeutic relationship: create a safe haven, establish presence with the counselee by actively listening, and a. Join the counselee in explorationb. Signal personal affirmation of the counseleec. *Communicate empathy (p. 133)

11. The relational blocks to a safe haven are disrespecting the counselee, dismissing the counselee, anda. Not doing a proper assessment of the counseleeb. *Trying to fix the counselee (p. 136)c. Asking too many questions of the counselee

12. The benefits of active listening are that ita. Helps the counselor receive and respond to the entire content of the counselee’s

communicationb. Helps the counselor get at the deeper issuesc. Helps the counselee truly listen to himselfd. *All of the above (p. 138)

13. The use of attending skills accomplishes four important counselor outcomes: First, attending is a posture of involvement, demonstrating that you are present. Second, attending to the counselee says that I am interested in what is being said. Third, it equalizes the power inherent in a counselor-counselee relationship. Finally, attendinga. *Augments your effectiveness (p. 140)b. Demonstrates unconditional positive regardc. Dispels feelings of distrust between counselor and counselee

14. In the acronym SOLER, the “S” representsa. Silently listeningb. *Sitting squarely (p. 140)c. Sympathetic listeningd. Situational awareness

15. In the acronym SOLER, the “E” stands fora. Eager participationb. Extra affirmationc. *Eye contact (p. 141)

16. The five representational systems include: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, anda. *Gustatory (p. 143)

b. Extra-sensorc. Meta physical

17. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive and express emotion, access and assimilate emotion in thought, understand and analyze emotion, anda. Creatively express emotionb. Judge emotional importc. *Regulate emotion (p. 149)

18. In the acrostic EMPATHY, “E” stands fora. Examine the counselee’s emotionsb. *Explore your inner world (p. 150)c. Engage the counselee’s conscience

19. In the acrostic EMPATHY, “P” representsa. *Personalize the counselee (p. 150)b. Pursue unconditional positive regardc. Plan mutual acceptance

20. In the acrostic ARM, “M” stands fora. Marginal equivalencyb. Maintained emotional homeostasisc. *Minimal encouraging skills (p. 157)

CHAPTER 61. Sometimes the only way to obtain information is by asking questions. (T, p. 164)2. Open-ended questions are generally narrow, elicit more specific response and hinder

rapport. (F, p. 165)3. Indirect questions are inquiry statements that are meant to be answered. (T, p. 167)4. Rhetorical questions are inquiry statements that are meant to be answered. (F, p. 169)5. A paraphrase involves the counselor using his/her own words to capture what the

counselee says. (T, p. 173)6. As a rule, counselors ask for clarification in only open-ended questions. (F, p. 176)7. A summary is a recap of the counselee’s story. (T, p. 177)8. The main point of using a planning summary is to remind counselees of things that have

transpired during a session and to reinforce the things that they have agreed to earlier. (T, p. 180)

9. Questions offer a number of advantages over other helping techniques:a. They provide a systematic framework that guides the counseling processb. They facilitate the counseling session and help it move along smoothly.c. They can keep the session moving forward.d. *All of the above

10. The four categories of questions are: open-ended vs closed-ended, direct vs indirect, leading question vs double question, anda. *Provocative questions (p. 165)b. Easy vs difficult questionsc. Simple vs technical questions

11. Open-ended questions are best used:a. To obtain specific informationb. To narrow the topic of discussionc. *To stimulate conversation from the counselee (p. 165)d. All the above

12. Pitfalls of questioning would include: counselors can bombard the counselee with questions and put them on the defensive,a. Cultural differences can make questions cause distrustb. Rapid fire questions will not facilitate rapportc. The counselor takes control of the session through questionsd. *All of the above (pp. 169,170)

13. The “P” in PROBE representsa. *Probing awareness (p. 171)b. Pretending genuinenessc. Penetrating difficultiesd. Producing results

14. The “E” in CLIENT refers toa. Evidenceb. *Evade (p. 171)c. Exemplifyd. Expand

15. The purpose of paraphrase is:a. *To clearly communicate to the counselee that what is being said is being heard and

understood. (p. 173)b. To cause the counselor to focus on the content of the messagec. To prevent the counselee from enriching her story without having to inquired. All the above

16. The “R” in PHRASE refers toa. Referb. Renouncec. *Rephrase (p. 174)

17. The “E” in PHRASE stands fora. *Evaluate (p. 174)b. Elevatec. Ensured. Entrust

18. In CARE the “C” stands fora. Closeb. *Content (p. 176)c. Comfortable

19. In clarification, if the counselor’s response is not effective the counselee willa. Elaborate on the message to provide missing informationb. *Ignore the counselor’s question or shut down (p. 177)c. Give messages that include full information

20. According to Young (2010) summary can includea. Content

b. Major feelingsc. Issues, meaning, and themesd. *All the above (p. 177)

CHAPTER 71. No one goes through life without receiving feedback, both wanted and unwanted

feedback. (T, p. 187)2. Patterson and Eisenberg (1983) state that helpers know they are interpreting when the

word “therefore” is used. (F, p. 192)3. Theories both help explain behavior and limit explanation of behavior. (T, p. 194)4. There is often a disconnect between theory and practice in the helping profession. (T, p.

196)5. If you are not comfortable in self-disclosure you will likely inhibit therapeutic rapport.

(T, p. 207)6. As the counseling relationship becomes more established, offering more affective

disclosures in the here-and-now is more effective in meeting treatment goals. (T, p. 210)7. Immediacy statements contain the counselor’s thoughts and feelings about what is going

on inside himself, not within the relationship. (F, p. 213)8. In general immediacy helps you deal with transference and countertransference issues (T,

p. 215)9. According to Turock (1980) human communication involves an attempt at subtle

influence for the purpose ofa. *Generating certain beliefs (p. 187)b. Initiating dialoguec. Preventing certain behaviorsd. All the above

10. In the mneumonic device FEEDBACK the second “E” stands fora. Earnb. Extendc. *Encourage (p. 189)d. Elevate

11. In the acrostic INTERPRET, the first “R” refers toa. *Rationale (p. 194)b. Returnc. Relatived. Responsible

12. Reason for professional distaste of confrontation reside in the belief that confrontation impliesa. imposing a mindset upon anotherb. risking counselee autonomyc. being judgmentald. *all of the above (p. 196)

13. The “C” in CONFRONT refers to caution in employing confrontation. The counselor should be cautious toa. consider whether confrontation is the most appropriate responseb. consider if there are other ways to address the inconsistencies and discrepancies

c. consider the timing of any techniqued. *all of the above (p. 202)

14. Self-disclosure cana. *improve the comfort level of adolescent counselees (p. 205)b. block reciprocal disclosurec. destroy rapport

15. Anderson and Anderson (1985) state self-disclosure in terms of type:a. demographic informationb. professional identityc. worldviewd. beliefs and attitudese. personal experiencesf. *all of the above (pp. 207,208)

16. In the acrostic DISCLOSE, the “I” stands fora. intentionalb. *intended (p. 209)c. intrinsic

17. Eagan (2007) identifies three types of immediacy: relationships, event-focused, anda. person-centeredb. surrogatec. *self-involving (p. 214)

18. Research supports the fact that counselors avoid immediacy issues bya. *changing the subject (p. 215)b. denying feelingsc. confronting angerd. sudden approval

19. In SELF, the “E” stands for a. enlightenedb. equippedc. engagedd. *both a and b (p. 216)

20. According to Sharpley (1997) silence is defined by a pause of more thana. 1 minuteb. * 5 secondsc. 30 secondsd. 15 seconds

CHAPTER 81. According to Ogrodniczuk, Joyce, and Piper (2005) counselee initiated termination is the counselee’s choice to end helping in opposition to both the counselor’s recommendation and in violation of the mutual initial agreement between the counselor and counselee. (T, p. 236)

2. It is not important to contact a counselee who fails to show or who has repeated cancellations in order to process the reason. (F, p. 239)

3. Helping relationships are not established on the basis of friendship: a relationship that is rooted in choice and mutuality. (T, p. 243)

4. Research indicates that referrals are more likely to occur later in the counseling process. (F, p. 247)

5. Ending counseling is a loss for both counselees and counselors which can revive unresolved issues from past losses. (T, p. 250)

6. The amount of time needed to prepare a counselee for termination is generally related to the length of counseling. (T, p. 249)

7. Explicitly dealing with feelings around termination may provide an opportunity to explore new and important areas which have not been previously discussed. (T, p. 252)

8. Recognizing and affirming the changes the counselee has made and the distress of change discourages the counselee to maintain the hard work. (F, p. 253)

9.Which of the following is not a function of having a formal termination session?

a. It signals that something has ended b. *It transitions to referral (pp. 234,235) c. It is a means of maintaining therapeutic change d. It reminds both the counselor and counselee that growth has occurred.10. In the acrostic DROP-OUTS, “P” stands for processed and suggests that

a. *having counselees processed through several channels is difficult. (p. 239)b. being processed by several professionals such as an intake counselor or an administrative assistant is not difficult.

11. Generally speaking, counselors initiate termination of services whena. they believe that their counselees have failed to make progressb. they believe that their counselees have achieved the mutually agreed upon therapeutic goalsc. both a and b (p. 240)

12. According to Sciscoe (1990) questions to ask yourself when assessing counselee readiness for termination include:a. *Is the presenting problem under control? (p. 242)b. Has the financial obligation been met?c. Is the counselee open to the follow-up visit?d. All the above

13. Making a referral might be necessary whena. the counselor doesn’t have the level of competence to be an effective helper with a particular counseleeb. the counselee has a problem for which a local expert would be more effectivec. a personality clash occurs between counselor and counseleed. *all the above (pp. 243,244)

14. In the acrostic REFER, the first “E” representsa. endorsementb. *expectation (p. 245)c. energeticd. exercise

15. Termination which is built upon a well-constructed treatment plana. provides feedback about the counselee’s improvement or lack thereofb. revisits the map that you created together, helping the counselee to track his progressc. *both a and b (pp. 249,250)

16. In considering a counselee’s readiness for terminationa. be clearly aware of his needs and wantsb. consider your own needs for feeling wanted, admired, or in controlc. *both a and b (p. 250)

17. Reducing the frequency of counseling sessions is referred to asa. deceleratingb. slacking upc. spacingd. *fading (p. 250)

18. Research indicates that counselees experience a wide range of feelings at the ending phase of counseling includinga. prideb. self-respectc. accomplishmentd. losse. *all the above (p. 251)

19. The “O” in TERMINATIONS refers to openly acknowledge any unresolved areas. The analogy used to illustrate this skill isa. *excavating at an archaeological site (p. 253)b. mining for goldc. rescuing a missing sailord. exploratory surgery

20. Gladding (2009) delineated four specific methods of conducting follow-up sessions. Which of the following is not included in his list?a. a telephone callb. a letterc. * an e-mail (p. 255)d. a questionnaire

CHAPTER 9

1. The central task of the first phase of counseling is hearing the counselee’s story. (T, p. 270)

2. By inquiring about the counselee’s previous experience with counselors you contaminate counselee expectations. (F, p. 258)

3. Goal setting is a key task of the conceptualization and treatment planning phase. (T, p. 287)

4. Clinton, Hart, and Ohlschlager (2005) discuss three levels of goals: immediate goals, intermediate goals, and intrinsic goals. (F, p. 290)

5. According to Crabb and Allender (1997) a Christian counselor should be more committed to representing Christ than to a particular model, style, or approach to counseling. (T, p. 301)

6. Individuals with a diffuse or uninformed counseling identity are unable to enjoy the peace and stability of a strong and central sense of self. (T, p. 310)

7. A counselor can clearly and convincingly present truth to counselees, but he must recognize where his responsibility ends. (T, p. 312)

8. The field of biopsychiatry has demonstrated that certain disorders have a theological component. (F, p. 312)

9. Which phase is not named in the AIM model?a. Connection and assessmentb. Terminationc. *Pre-evangelism (p. 268)d. Post-treatmente. Conceptualization and treatment planning

10. In the phase 1: connection and assessment, there are several tasks to be accomplished:a. Establish a relationship characterized by trust and caringb. Set expectations for the experiencec. Explain the notion that counseling may not helpd. *Responses a and b (p. 270)e. Responses a, b, and c

11. The intake session has four phases:a. *Making contact, purpose, exploration, wrap-up (pp. 273,274)b. Introductions, financial, contract, assignmentc. Initial contact, explanation of benefits, contract, wrap-up

12. The helping sessions have four phases:a. Introductions, process clarification, working, wrap-upb. *Social chitchat, review, working, wrap-up (p. 275)c. Contact, prayer, working, wrap-up

13. In a metaanalysis Monks (1995) found that for counselees, role induction had significant positive effects on treatment outcome, attendance, anda. post counseling performance

b. suicidal ideationc. *dropout rates (p. 276)

14. In the acrostic SMART, “S” stands fora. Significantb. Sizablec. *Specific (p. 291)

15. The AIM model of counseling representsa. Aim into the miraculousb. *Abide in Me (p. 306)c. Authentic in measure

16. In the ABIDEINME acrostic, the first “E” representsa. *Emotional wisdom (p. 307)b. Evilc. Encouragement

17. Laurencelle, Abell, and Schwartz (2002) report that faith in and reliance on God has the potential to decrease anxiety, depression, anda. poor relationshipsb. *character pathology (p. 309)c. angerd. stress

18. Which source of human suffering is not listed by Thomas and Habermas (2008)?a. We live in a broken and fallen worldb. Supernatural causesc. People’s choicesd. *Diabolical interaction (pp 313,314)

19. The Christian helper represents the three earthly offices of Christ: prophet, priest, anda. preacherb. counselorc. *king (p. 320)

20. As an integrative bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach, AIM involves the four domains of biology, psychology, social systems, anda. *spirituality (p. 320)b. sciencec. philosophy

CHAPTER 10

1. An overarching purpose of the counseling interview is to help the counselee with his presenting concerns. (T, p. 326)

2. The acrostic INTAKE portrays the sequential steps of the counseling interview. (T, p. 328)

3. Although a presenting problem is only “the tip of the iceberg,” it gives the counselor some idea about “the iceberg.” (T, p. 338)

4. To have a mental disorder, as defined by the DSM-IV-TR (2000) a person must have impairment in social and/or occupational functioning. (T, p. 341)

5. Coping skills are characteristic ways of circumventing life’s difficulties. (F, p. 341)6. Since the presenting problem is the primary reason the counselee wants help, it is best to

show your level of concern from the counselee by giving it some attention. (T, p. 342)7. Research indicates no genetic link to disorders. (F, p. 344)8. One powerful method by which to assess the counselee’s family is the genogram. (T, p.

344)9. Life domains are viewed in four primary areas: biological functioning, psychological

functioning, social functioning, anda. meta physical functioningb. philosophical functioningc. *spiritual functioning (p. 325)

10. Assessment of a counselee’s functioning occurs through three primary modalities: observation, assessing the counselee, anda. *questioning symptoms (p. 329)b. clarifying symptomsc. sizing symptoms

11. Which of the following is not a non verbal cue?a. Observe appearanceb. Observe the counselee’s clothingc. *Observe the counselee’s odor (p. 330)d. Observe the counselee’s expression

12. Which of the following is not included in the example of Sommers-Flanagan’s (2003) “doorknob statements” as the counseling session ends?a. Saying thank you while shaking your hand or giving you a hugb. Saying that they feel a lot betterc. Stating that they would like to get together for a cup of coffeed. *Saying that they need more time to complete the homework (p. 332)

13. The “referral questions” yield important information such asa. What is the reason for the referral-evaluation, counseling or consultation?b. What question is the referral source seeking to have answered?c. *Both a and b (p. 338)

14. In assessment AOL refers toa. addictive dysfunctional livingb. *activities of daily living (p. 341)c. apparent delinquent lifestyle

15. Direct coping strategies includea. *humor (pp. 341,342)b. denialc. acting outd. fantasye. all the above

16. Which coping style is not included in Gall and associates (2005) spiritual coping styles?a. Self-directing that acts independent of Godb. Deferring copingc. *Assertiveness coping (p. 342)d. Surrender coping

17. An immense amount of information is engendered when a genogram is completed witha. a life mapb. an attachment surveyc. *both a and b (p. 344)

18. Problems with regulating emotions might stem froma. deregulation problems in the frontal lobes of the brainb. failure to establish a secure attachment with one’s parentsc. a history of child abused. poor modeling from caregiverse. *all the above (p. 346)

19. In terms of locus of control, people who are externally oriented believe that outcomes are contingent ona. Luckb. Chancec. Fated. Environmental factorse. *All the above (p. 347)

20. Honey (1945) observed that relationships are nevera. moving towardb. moving againstc. moving awayd. *static (p. 349)

CHAPTER 11

1. Without ethical and effective assessment and care formulation, counseling will likely fail to focus on the core issues underlying a counselee’s presenting problems and concerns. (T, p. 358)

2. Perception is the process whereby we use our senses to become aware of our environment. (T, p. 360)

3. Whereas deletion limits information, distortion embellishes the information. (F, p. 362)4. Treatment planning begins with the counselor relating the case conceptualization to the

counselee’s goals and formulating those goals into a plan of action (T, p. 379)5. One goal of counseling is to formulate a rich and thorough conceptualization of the

counselee from which the assessment plan emerges. (F, p. 365)6. According to Osborn, Dean & Petruzzi (2004), conceptualization is the counselor’s

intentional, focused, and ongoing effort to understand a particular counselee case. (T, pp. 365,366)

7. According to Carlson, Sperry, and Lewis (2005), case conceptualization is a method and process of summarizing seemingly diverse case information into a brief, coherent statement or “map” that elucidates the counselee’s basic pattern of behavior. (T, p. 359)

8. The fact that two people can perceive the same event or stimulus and have two different experiences is due, in significant part, to the brains filtering ability. (T, p. 360)

9. Bandler and Grinder (1975) identify three processes or patterns that seem to play a role in helping the brain make sense of the world: deletions, distortions, anda. *generalizations (p. 360)b. inferencesc. evasionsd. blind spots

10. According to Bandler and Grinder (1975) there are three particular classes of deletion: “Real compared to what,” “clearly and obviously,” anda. “selective causality”b. *”modal operators” (p. 62)c. “external affirmation”

11. Two prominent forms of distortion are cognitive dissonance anda. blurringb. *nominalization (p. 363)c. grounding

12. Bandler and Grinder (1975) refer to three types of generalizations: “referential indexes,” “equivocation of two claims,” anda. “*incompletely specified verbs” (p. 364)b. “dissimilar expression”c. “informal agreement”

13. One way of forming a holistic view of the person is by using______________as a framework for assessment.a. the ASIb. the MMPIc. the BDId. *the AIM (p. 365)

14. Which of the following represent data that is not usually useful in organizing conceptualizations?a. Mental status examb. Three generational genogramc. *A counselor referral form (p. 366)d. A family assessment

15. According to Borders and Brown (2005), case conceptualization involves observation and assessment ofa. What is happeningb. What is neededc. Options for responding and interveningd. Evaluation progresse. *All the above (p. 359)

16. One model for describing how the brain filters stimuli is offered by psychologist Bandler and linguist Grinder (1975). It is calleda. *Meta-model of language (p. 360)b. Affect interpretation scalec. Cognitive awareness patternsd. Self-regulating capabilities rubric

17. When working with counselees it is important to remember thata. *their perception is flawed (p. 360)b. your perception is correctc. perceptions always include information that suggests that they are wrong

18. Mental maps have rules that interact with the counselee’s needs, concerns, expectations, anda. family of originb. *priorities (p. 360)c. worldviewd. academic degree

19. Deletion isa. God’s way of protecting our conscious minds from the plethora of information we are

faced with at any given momentb. Our fallen nature leading us in a way that changes realityc. *Both a and b (p. 361)

20. Which of the following is not an AIM component?a. Level of spiritual functioningb. Level of identity differentiationc. *Level of intra-personal functioning (p. 366)d. Level of inter-personal functioning

CHAPTER 12

1. Most people are willing to change because they see the need to change and know God wants them to change. (F, p. 386)

2. Whereas some models view change as an event, the TTM views change through progressive steps. (T, p. 388)

3. Denial, reluctance, or resistance to change prevents and limits a person from seeing the need to change. (T, p. 390)

4. During the contemplation stage one of the tasks is holding the anxiety and discomfort at an optimal level in order to motivate the counselee to change. (T, p. 392)

5. Change is not dynamic, it is static. (F, p. 393)6. According to Paradise & Wilder (1979) counselee reluctance is associated with poor

satisfaction, poor outcome, and premature termination from services. (T, p. 396)7. The Bible clearly identifies sin as the foundational root of human struggles. (T, p. 407)8. Both compliance and defiance can be forms of resistance. (T, p. 397)9. Three fundamental questions for a journey are: Do I want to journey? Where do I want to

go? Anda. Who will go with me?b. When do I begin?c. *How will I get there? (p. 386)

10. The five progressive steps of the TTM include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and a. reflectionb. follow-upc. *maintenance (p. 388)

11. Tasks in the contemplation stage of the TTM include?a. *Build patience (p. 390)b. Sustain commitmentc. Instill hope

12. In the preparation stage the counselee needs to identifya. *those things he has to do (p. 392)b. those things he cannot acceptc. both a and b

13. The counselor’s task during the action stage is toa. help the counselee implement strategies for changeb. revise the plan as neededc. help him sustain commitment in the face of difficultiesd. *all the above (p. 393)

14. Action plans should be realistic, reliable, anda. reviewableb. *responsive (p. 393)c. relivable

d. receivable15. According to Jesus, the most basic problem for the paralytic of John 5 was

a. he had been paralyzed for 38 yearsb. no one would help himc. his heart was bitter and defeated by the mistreatment of othersd. *his lack of desire for change (p. 394)

16. Resistance describes counselees whoa. do not adequately give themselves to the counseling processb. are reluctant to participate in the tasks of therapy as set forth by the therapistc. demonstrate covert or overt opposition to the therapist, the counseling process or the

therapist’s agendad. *all the above (p. 396)

17. Key emotions that play a role in reluctance and resistance would include anger, frustration, fear, pride and a. *shame (p. 397)b. guiltc. over confidence

18. Counselee factors that produce reluctance would include:a. They do not believe in counselingb. They do not believe that they have a problemc. They do not want to changed. *All the above (p. 398)

19. In the acrostic for guidelines for dealing with reluctance RELUCTANT, “C” refers toa. concentrate on the issues at handb. *establish a contract with the counselee (p. 400)c. care about the feelings of the counseleed. all the above

20. Four resources for change are: The individual, the natural community, God anda. friendsb. the family physicianc. *professional help (p. 409)

CHAPTER 13

1. The purpose of the “miracle question” follow up question is to help the counselee see that the problem was not always a problem. (T, p. 417)

2. Homework is nothing more than assigning tasks for the counselee to complete during the counseling session. (F, p. 417)

3. Experiential and behavioral homework tasks call for the counselee to take specific action such as engaging in pleasurable activities. (T, p. 419)

4. Risk taking and shame-attacking assignments encourage the counselee to stay clear of risks. (F, p. 419)

5. “Bibliotherapy” refers to reading books, listening to something or watching a particular show (Hayand & Kinnier, 1998). (T, p. 419)

6. Task factors in homework compliance refer to factors in the homework assignment that increase the likelihood that the counselee will carry them out. (T, p. 420)

7. Kazantzis and Lampropoulas (2002) state that the effectiveness of any given homework does not necessarily depend on the extent to which the counselee engages in the task. (F, p. 421)

8. The use of humor is one way of infusing our personalities into the counseling moment (Dewane, 2006). (T, p. 422)

9. Other words for “homework” area. *self-help assignments (p. 417)b. school workc. session extension tasks

10. Which of the list below would not be included in specific benefits of homework in counseling?a. It helps ensure counseling complianceb. It provides personal meaning for the counseleec. *It keeps the counselee disciplined (p. 418)d. It is a means of obtaining information about progress

11. Hay and Kinnier (1998) describe several kinds of homework assignments: active, passive, anda. *”paradoxical assignments” (p. 418)b. goal orientedc. personald. socially aligned

12. Hay and Kinnier (1998) discuss writing assignments. Which assignments below are not included in their list?a. Journalingb. Writing lettersc. *Theological reflection (p. 419)d. Documenting thoughts, feelings, actins

13. “Don’t-do-anything” assignments refer toa. not doing anything wrongb. staying away from identified problem areasc. *taking a vacation from counseling (p. 419)

14. Three factors that contribute to homework compliance are: task factors, helper factors anda. *counselee factors (p. 419)b. therapy factors

c. counselor factors15. In the acrostic ASSIGN, the first “S” represents

a. Specifyb. Signalc. Sustaind. *State (p. 420)

16. Specify the details of the assignment include:a. *When the task is to be done (p. 421)b. When accompanying literature to readc. Who will assist in the processd. All the above

17. Many things can interfere with homework includinga. Timeb. Resourcesc. Lack of understandingd. *All the above (p. 421)

18. The Association for Applied Therapeutic Humor defines humor asa. *any intervention that promotes health and wellness by stimulating a playful

discovery, expression or appreciation of the absurdity or incongruity of life situations. (p. 422)

b. appropriate comments that enhance rapport within the counseling moment which are obvious deviations from perceived reality.

c. both of the above19. The AATH highlights several psychological and physical benefits of humor: triggering

endorphins, relieving stress, stimulating the cardiovascular system anda. relieving muscular tensionb. enriching skeletal strengthc. *helping people creatively face life’s challenges (p. 423)

20. Artistic metaphors include building things with Legos, drawing pictures, bringing photographs, ora. *writing and sharing music (p. 429)b. stand up comedyc. dialogue with a friendd. silence

CHAPTER 14

1. Lovinger (1979, 1984) and Worthington (1986) suggest that religious counselees with negative concepts about counselors are resistant to therapy and have high rates of premature termination. (T, p. 437)

2. An extensive body of research suggests that there is much more to faith than meets the eye. (T, p. 438)

3. The attachment system is the lens from which a person’s relationship with others is viewed. (F, p. 439)

4. Counselors do a great service for the Lord when they use psycho-education to help those believers understand their internal experience and provide hope for healing in the therapeutic relationship. (T, p. 441)

5. Only when you accurately understand your counselee’s unique experience of God can you ethically and effectively address any God-related problems. (T, p. 442)

6. Meditation does not mean simply focusing one’s mind on God. (F, p. 448)7. Many counselees are confused about what forgiveness does and does not mean. (T, p.

450)8. Only God has the power to heal counselees and bring them into bio-psycho-social-

spiritual wholeness. (T, p. 454)9. According to Worthington and Scott (1983) secular counselors often

a. ignore spiritual concernsb. treat spiritual beliefs as pathologicalc. fail to comprehend spiritual language and conceptsd. *all the above (p. 437)

10. Securely attached individuals view life through the lens, “I am safe, wanted and. . .a. forgivenb. acceptedc. *loved (p. 439)

11. Insecurely attached individuals experience life through the lens, “I am unsafe, alone, unwanted, and . . .a. *unloved (p. 439)b. unforgivenc. unaccepted

12. According to Firestone (1996) “fantasy bonds” means, when someone is threatened, she will unconsciously rely on certain rules, behaviors, mechanism, or ____________.a. professional guidanceb. *relationships (p. 440)c. functionsd. replications

13. In order for one’s image of God to be healed, the very mechanisms of the attachment system must be assessed, addressed, and a. identifiedb. redefinedc. *reworked (p. 441)

14. As a counselor you are free to utilize spiritual integration under the following conditions:

a. *You have completed a full bio-psycho-social-spiritual assessment, determined the counselee’s diagnosis, developed a written treatment plan. (p. 441)

b. Your counselee is an evangelical believerc. Your counselee has signed an informed consentd. You have built rapport with the counselee

15. Spiritual assessment might includea. Questions during the intake interviewb. Surveys, such as the AGI or the RSAQc. The spiritual life mapd. *All of the above (p. 444)

16. Five disciplines which are utilized in counseling are prayer, meditation, spiritual reading and memorization, confession and reconciliation, anda. singing hymnsb. worshipc. *forgiveness (p. 447)d. fellowship

17. Counselors can personally pray for their counselees anda. encourage counselees to prayb. pray with counselees during the sessionc. request prayer from othersd. *all the above (p. 447)

18. Meditation may includea. systematic relaxation and deep breathingb. concentrating on such ideas as what is right, true, noble, etc.c. “breathing” in God’s peaced. *all the above (p. 448)

19. Tan (2007) recommends utilizing Scripture for the following purposes: to comfort, clarify, correct, change character, cleanse, convict, anda. teach doctrineb. proof-text personal convictionsc. *cure (p. 449)

20. The counselor may consulta. medical doctors, psychiatrists, and nutritionists to address biological needsb. psychodiagnosticians, supervisors, and colleagues for psychological needsc. family members, teachers and friends for social needsd. spiritual leaders for spiritual health and goalse. *all the above (p. 451)

CHAPTER 15

1. The point is not to act like a professional, but be a professional. (T, p. 458)

2. A code of ethics and legal standards are the same. (F, p. 459)3. A wise move is to have a lawyer on retainer who is familiar with laws relating to the

mental health profession. (T, p. 461)4. Process notes are required by law to be included in the counselee record. (F, p. 466)5. All tests should be included in the client’s record. (T, p. 469)6. How much knowledge you have about other cultures is vital in thinking culturally. (T, p.

473)7. Becoming a professional counselor can normally be accomplished within four years after

an undergraduate degree. (F, p. 474)8. The more you counsel, the more you learn and develop as an effective helper. (T, p. 476)9. Bernard and Goodyear (2004) highlight 3 distinctives of professional helpers from those

who work in other occupations: 1. Have significantly more autonomy than other professionals, 2. Are required to make judgments under conditions of uncertainty, and 3.a. Have a rich history of professional practiceb. *Rely on a knowledge base that is sufficiently unique and specialized (p. 458)c. Are required to pass licensure exams that exceed other professions

10. In the following list of virtues that are basic to ethical behavior by Clinton & Ohlschlager (2002a), which does not belong?a. Accountability to truth tellingb. Responsibility to love one anotherc. *Personal pride (p. 460)d. Competent beneficence

11. Record keeping helps the counselee bya. enhancing communication between counselee and counselorb. better facilitating continuity of carec. providing history and current status of the counseleed. *all of the above (p. 462)

12. Record keeping helps the counselor bya. *forming the basis of assessing, diagnosing, and treating the counselee (p. 462)b. helping him to remember the content of past sessionsc. outlining the defense for a personal liability suitd. all the above

13. A list of forms which are commonly used in the counseling process would include intake, informed consent, counseling authorization, emergency instructions, anda. financial outlayb. medication rubricc. power of attorneyd. *release-of-information (pp. 464,465)

14. According to Soisson, Vande Creek, & Knapp (1987) counselors should document information about what happened in the session, the types of help offered, reasons for your professional decisions and actions and

a. time spent with the clientb. *mutually agreed-upon goals (p. 466)c. diagnostic test resultsd. all the above

15. In the acrostic SOAP, “O” stands fora. Operationalb. Oppositionalc. *Objective (p. 467)d. On-line

16. A contact report should include thea. Type of contactb. Date of contactc. Time d. Summarye. *All the above (p. 469)

17. A model to teach counseling skills and techniques that are rooted in multicultural awareness, was developed bya. Chandras, Eddy & Spaulding (2000)b. *Ivey & Ivey (2003) (p. 472)c. McKenzie (1986)

18. Five key skill-based areas relating to cultural competence includea. have personal awarenessb. develop personal characteristics that allow for working with diverse populationsc. develop skema of your own perspectived. *a and b (p. 473)e. a, b, and c

19. The counselor may grow personally and spiritually through supervision, his marriage anda. *the work of the Holy Spirit (p. 478)b. a ministerial alliancec. seminary extension classes

20. Every Christian counselor would benefit from courses ina. Apologeticsb. Systematic theologyc. Hermeneuticsd. *all the above (p. 479)