Chapter 1
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Transcript of Chapter 1
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This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Psychology: Yesterday and Today
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology?
Psychology is the science1 of mental processes and behavior.
1Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Levels of Analysis
The person
The group
The brain
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Is psychology all common sense?
Take the Psychology Quiz and see for yourself
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
• Focused on identifying the “building blocks” of consciousness
• Introspection: Looking within Not objectively verifiable
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science
Functionalism• William James• Influenced by Charles Darwin
Studied how consciousness helped an individual survive and adapt to an environment
Animal observations provide clues for human behavior
• Focused on pragmatic issues such as improving education
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science
Gestalt Psychology• Max Wertheimer• Focused on
consciousness and principles of perceptual organization The whole is greater than
the sum of its parts
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Psychodynamic Theory
• Sigmund Freud• The mind has separate components
Conscious and unconscious components• Much of behavior in influenced by the
unconscious• Psychoanalysis
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Behaviorism
• John Watson & B. F. Skinner• The mind cannot be observed• Behavior can be observed• Science should study the observable• Reinforcement• Stimulus-response
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
His Head is a Triangle?!
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Humanistic Psychology
• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow• Client-centered therapy• We strive for self-actualization
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science The Cognitive Revolution
• Alan Newell & Herbert Simon• Focus on mental processes (information
processing)• Computer metaphor• Cognitive neuroscience
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Evolutionary psychology
• Lida Cosmides, John Tooby, David Buss, & Steven Pinker
• Evolutionarily successful cognitive strategies and goals survived
• Cultural universality