Chapter 1

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Chapter 1Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN

South Arkansas Community CollegeHole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology

Twelfth Edition

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Success Tips…• Hole’s 12th Edition Text has available:

– Student Study Guide– MediaPhys CD– Anatomy & Physiology Revealed CD– Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier12– External link located within Blackboard

• Know how to use the text… xxi to xxvii.

• Read the text BEFORE exams!!

http://www.mhhe.com/shier12

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed

1.1: Introduction

Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy and Physiology

Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.

1.3: Levels of Organization

List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.

1.4: Characteristics of Life

List and describe the major characteristics of life.

Define and give examples of metabolism.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

Describe the general function of each organ system.

1.7: Lifespan Changes

Define aging.

Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions.

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1.1: Introduction

• Questions and observations that have led to knowledge.

• Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

Understanding the Human Body

Our earliest ancestors were interested in the way their bodies worked; posterior view of biped human

showing the muscles.

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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)

• Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

“Structure dictates function.”

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1.3: Levels of Organization

• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

• Organism – the human

Characteristics of Living Organisms Unlike Non-Living Matter

• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration

• Digestion• Absorption• Circulation• Assimilation• Excretion

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

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Characteristics of Life Continued

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Can you name the organ systems?Test your knowledge and name the organ system before

proceeding.

There are eleven (11).

Levels of Organization

Organ Systems

• Consist

– Skin

– Assessory organs

• Hair

• Nails

• Sweat glands

• Sebaceous glands

• Purpose

– Regulate body temperature

– Houses variety of sensory receptors

– Synthesis certain products16

Integumentary system


Organ Systems

• Purpose

– Support

– Move body parts

– Provide framework and protective shields for softer tissues,

– Serve as an attachment

• Consist

– Bones, ligaments and cartilage

• Tissues: produce blood cells and store inorganic salts

• Purpose– Provide the forces

that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends together.

– Maintain posture

– Primary source of body heat

17Skeletal system Muscular system


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Organ Systems

Nervous system Endocrine system


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Organ Systems

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system


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Organ Systems

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system


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Organ Systems

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system


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1.1 Clinical Application

• Ultrasound (US)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:• Water• Food• Oxygen• Heat• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature

• Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

• Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:

• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Stimulus(Change occursin internalenvironment.) Response

(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)

Control center(set point)

(Change is comparedto the set point.)


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ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

too high

too low

Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.

ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.

ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.

StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.

EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.


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• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms


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Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Reduces the actions of the effectors

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation


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Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Produces more instability in the body

• Produces more chaos in the body

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

• Considered to be the uncommon loop

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth


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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

• Body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleuralcavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

(b)


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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum• Parietal perineum• Visceral perineum

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Thoracic Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Plane ofsection

Spinal cord

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricleof heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardiumAnterior

Azygos v.

Right atriumof heart

Right ventricleof heart

Fibrous pericardium


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Abdominal Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Right kidney

Pancreas

LargeintestineLiver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Plane ofsection

Leftkidney

Spinal cord

Spleen

Rib

Small intestine

Large intestine

Stomach

Anterior

Visceral peritoneum

Costal cartilage

Aorta

Inferiorvena cava


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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system


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Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior versus Posterior• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)• Superficial versus Deep• Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontalplane

A section along a transverseplane

A section along themedian plane

Transverse(horizontal)plane

Frontal(coronal)plane

Parasagittalplane

Median(midsagittal)plane


© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Body Sections

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(a) (b) (c)


a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane Frontal Plane

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Other Body Sections

(a)(b)

(c)


Cross SectionOblique Section

Longitudinal Section

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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

• Regions (9)

• Quadrants (4)

Righthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

(a)

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

(b)


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Body Regions

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial(arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Genital(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral(chest)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Umbilical(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital(back of head)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar(front of knee)

Vertebral(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


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Quiz 1

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Chapter 1

Health & Medicine

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