Chapter 1: Body Orientation & Anatomical

Terminology

Human Anatomy & PhysiologyS. Franklin-Jones

Anatomy

• the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another

• Gross anatomy- study of large body structures.– Heart, bones

• Microscopic anatomy- study of small body structures– Cells and tissue

Anatomy

Physiology

• the study of how the body and its parts work or function

• Neurophysiology- explains working of the nervous system

• Cardiac physiology- studies the function of the heart

Physiology

Levels of Organization

• Atoms: tiny building blocks of matter• Cells: the smallest units of all living things• Tissues: groups of similar cells that have a

common function, ex. muscle, nerves• Organ: a structure composed of two or

more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body, ex. brain

• Organ System: a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common function, ex. Circulatory System

• Organism: all organ systems that make up living body

Integumentary: skin

• Waterproof, cushions, protection• Regulation of temperature• Temperature, pressure, and pain

receptors

Skeletal

• bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

• Supports body and allows for movement

• Protection of organs• Formation of blood cells and

storage of minerals

Muscular

• only one function, to contract or shorten

Nervous

• brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors

• Detect stimuli and respond to it by activating the appropriate muscles or glands

– the body’s fast-acting control system

– nerve impulses- electrical signals– central nerve system- brain and

spinal cord» receives and responds

Endocrine

• produce hormones to control body activities

– Hormones- chemical molecules produced by endocrine glands

– The endocrine glands:» Pituitary» Thyroid» Parathyroid» Adrenals» Thymus» Pancreas» Pineal » Ovaries and testes

– Growth, reproduction, and food use by cells are controlled by hormones.

Circulatory • includes the cardiovascular and lymphatic

• Cardiovascular System- distributes blood to all the parts of the body– Includes the heart and the blood vessels– Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other

substances– White blood cells help to protect the body for

toxins, bacteria, and tumor cells• Lymphatic System- consists of lymphatic

vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organ and tissues– Lymphatic vessels returns the fluid leaked from

the blood back to the blood vessels so blood can keep circulating

– Lymph nodes and lymphoid organs help cleanse the blood and house cells involved with immunity

• Transport and delivery system• Protect the body from foreign invaders

Respiratory

• nose -> lungs• Keep body constantly supplied with

oxygen• Remove carbon dioxide

– Consists of:» nasal passages » pharynx » larynx» trachea » bronchi » lungs

Digestive

• tube running from the mouth to the anus

• Break down food and disperse food particles to cells

• Removal of undigested food– Consists of:

» oral cavity» esophagus » stomach» small and large intestines» rectum

Urinary

• removes all nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body as urine

-Consists of:» Kidneys » Ureters» Bladder » Urethra

Reproductive

• produce offspring and sex hormones – Male organs

» Testes: produces sperm» Scrotum» Penis» Accessory glands» Duct system: carries sperm outside the

body– Female organs

» Ovaries: produce eggs» Uterine tubes» Uterus: provides site for development of

the fetus» Vagina

Necessary Life Functions

• Maintaining Boundaries: inside distinct from outside

• Movement: provided by muscular and skeletal systems

• Responsiveness (irritability): ability to sense changes in your environment and respond to them

• Digestion: breaking down food and delivering to cells

• Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in cells

• Excretion: removing wastes from body• Reproduction: formation of offspring• Growth: increase in size (increase in cell #)

Survival Needs

• What the body needs to function properly – Water

» 60 to 80% of body weight– Oxygen

» 20% of the air we breathe is oxygen– Food

» Nutrients is what the body takes in through food

» Contains chemicals for cell building» Carbohydrates are the major energy

providing fuel for body cells– Appropriate temperature and pressure

» Around 37◦C (97 ◦F)

Homeostasis

• the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

Anatomical Terms

• Anatomical Position: standing straight with the feet together and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

Anatomical Terms: Directional

• Superior (towards head) vs. Inferior (away from head)

• Anterior (front of body) vs. Posterior (back of body)

• Medial (midline) vs. Lateral (away from midline)

• Proximal (close to origin) vs. Distal (far from origin)

• Superficial (body surface) vs. Deep (internal)

Anatomical Terms: Body Planes

• Sagittal Section: longitudinal cut, divides right/left

• Frontal Section: divides into anterior vs. posterior

• Transverse: horizontal cut, divides superior/inferior

Anatomical Terms: Body Landmarks

• Abdominal• Patellar: knee• Antecubital: elbow• Pubic: genital• Axillary: armpit• Thoracic: chest• Brachial: arm• Umbilical: navel• Buccal: cheek• Deltoid: shoulder• Cervical: neck

• Gluteal: butt• Digital: fingers, toes• Lumbar: lower back• Femoral: thigh• Occipital: back of head• Inguinal: groin• Popliteal: knee• Oral: mouth• Scapular:shoulder

blade• Orbital:eyes• Sural: calf

Body Cavities: Dorsal

• Cranial: the space inside the skull• Spinal: extends from cranial cavity

and continues down the vertebral column

Body Cavities: Ventral

• Thoracic: lungs, heart, rib cage, separated via the diaphragm from the abdominal cavity

• Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestines, etc.

• Pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

Body CavitiesQuadrants vs. Regions of the

Abdominopelvic Cavity• Right Upper Quadrant: Liver• Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach• Right Lower Quadrant:Large and small intestine,

right ovary• Lower Left Quadrant: Large and small intestine, left

ovary• Right Hypochondriac • Epigastric• Left Hypochondriac• Right Lumbar• Umbilical• Left Lumbar• Right iliac• Hypogastric• Left Iliac