Chapter 1 3

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is a device of communication which is used in human being interaction. The

activity of communication is fundamental in everyday life to keep the existence among

groups. It requires both the producer and recipient of a language-based message to share

common understanding of language symbol. According to Berelson and Steiner in Croft

(2004) communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and skills through

the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graphs. They are many ways that can be

used to communicate, one of them is through audio visual means especially movie.

Through movie people are able to depict the kind of society life, furthermore the civilization

of one society. Understanding foreign audio visual, moreover a movie is not as simple as we

thought because the audience must have a high intelligence to concern to the subtitles which

contains the language used in order to absorb the information from the movie. Based on

Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) subtitle is the rendering in a different language of verbal

messages in filmic media in the shape of one or more line of written text presented on the

screen.

In understanding the message contained in movie subtitles, audiovisual translation is the most

important discipline in transferring the audiovisual language in the movie in order to make it

comprehensible to a target audience. Audiovisual translation itself is the branch of translation

discipline where it is used as a way to transfer written or spoken language from source

language (SL) to target language (TL).

In the broad point of view translation is a transition of one language to another language

without decreasing any information from the source language (SL), it is strengthened by

Catford in Leornardi (2000:1) who defines translation as the changing process of the one

source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). According to Thriveni (2010:2)

translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but

finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Wrapping up all two

perspectives above, translation is obviously used as the connector of the meaning or the idea

from the translator and the target reader.

Regarding to the term of translation, evaluating system must be done by the translator to

produce a good quality translation in literary work by reaching two essential points; accuracy,

and clarity. According to Larson in fadaee (2011), clarity is the translated piece that can

communicate to the people (target reader) who are to use it. He further states that in clear

translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the

source text as easy to understand as the source text itself was to understand.

The next point of a good translation is accuracy. According to Shuttleworth and Cowie in

Anari (2009:80), accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of

correspondence between the translated and original text and using natural idiomatic

expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator. Nevertheless non-

equivalence and the untranslatability regularly appears in the translating a text where in a

form of text consists of structure and certain smallest unit. In measuring the essential points,

there are certain categories known as translation procedure as implemented. Newmark in

Shakernia (2011) stated translation methods relate to whole text, translation procedures are

used for sentences and smaller units of language.

Gibová (2012: 27) states in her dissertation, they are many translation procedures proposed by

different experts. Newmark proposed seventeen procedures, while Schreiber proposed sixteen

procedures and Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven procedures in translation. Pertaining

through this paper, the writer focuses on Vinay and Darbelnet proposal about two general

translation procedures i.e. direct and oblique which those two general procedures are

separated into seven sub-procedures i.e. borrowing, calque, and literal translation as direct

translation procedures and transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation as oblique

translation procedures. The writer is eager to reveal two from seven procedures relating with

grammatical shifting and point of view shifting which being important in translating SL to TL

and they are represented by modulation and transposition as procedures used.

Regarding to the explanation above, it is challenging to investigate and conduct a research

closely related to the accuracy and clarity between transposition and modulation contained in

the movie subtitle that will be investigated. The writer deals with the movie entitled Sang

Pencerah and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The movie was directed by Hanung

Bramantyo and was released on September 8th

2010. Sang Pencereah is based on a true story

of KH. Muhammad Dahlan, the founding father of Muhammadiah Organization, Hanung

produced this movie in order to commemorate Muhammadiyah's centenary, it also means to

exhibit Moslem view point in 1867. He depicted KH Muhammad Dahlan as a figure of

national hero who was not widely known and he gradually reformed the mindset of the

society at that time about Islam from rigorous religion into flexible religion. Sang Pencerah

is translated by the group of MVP Picture as the official producer of this movie.

The reason why this movie is selected because it either contains the historical value or depicts

the Moslem view point in 1867. Furthermore research on movie subtitle which is translated

from Indonesian into English is rarely conducted by current researchers. This research will

only focus on Bahasa Indonesia translated into English instead of Javanese language

contained in the movie, it is because not all the informants are able in comprehending the

Javanese language and it is also to prevent problem expansion in this research. This

obviously sustains the data for this research, because of this object; the writer is interested in

analyzing the transposition and modulation in term of accuracy and clarity in Sang Pencerah

and its English subtitles The Enlightened One.

1.2 Formulation of the Problems

Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research are formulated as

follows:

1.2.1 What types of modulation are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its

English subtitles The Enlightened One?

1.2.2 What types of transposition are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its

English subtitles The Enlightened One?

1.2.3 How are the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition in

Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One?

1.2.4 What is the most frequently-applied procedure of translation in dealing with

modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles

The Enlightened One?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Referring to the problems above, therefore this research will try to achieve general objectives,

they are:

1.3.1 To find out and to analyze the forms of modulation in Sang Pencerah movie and

its English subtitles The Enlightened One.

1.3.2 To find out and to analyze the forms of transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and

its English subtitles The Enlightened One.

1.3.3 To find out the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition.

1.3.4 To identify the procedures, modulation and transposition, that is frequently used

between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie into its English

subtitles The Enlightened One.

1.4 Scope of The Study

This research covers identifying, analyzing and studying types of modulation and

transposition in Sang Pencerah movie script as SL and the accuracy and clarity found in

English subtitles The Enlightened One as TL. This research will determine what is the most

frequently applied between transposition and modulation. This research will concern in the

transformation of the grammatical structure and the point of view in the English subtitles The

Enlightened One. To forbid the bias study, this research just focuses on the product of

translation such as the sentence and other smallest unit (phrases, words, and so on) of subtitle

text in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. This research

will delve the case which contains in chapter 13 until 14 since those chapters are reflecting

the turning point of KH. Ahmad Dahlan to develop Muhammadiah organization.

1.5 Uses of the study

This research is really expected to contribute these two main following uses, theoretical and

practical uses.

1.5.1 Theoretical Use

Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the development of

linguistic study especially in the field of translation about the understanding of the essential

points; accuracy and clarity in translation by using the procedures of translation; modulation

and transposition, from the source language to target language. In additional, it provides the

benefits to those who want to elevate their knowledge of translation.

1.5.2 Practical Use

Practically, this research serves as a reference for students who are interested in conducting

the same research, furthermore, this research also provides translator and movie editor an

insight to pay attention to in terms of accuracy and clarity in grammatical point (the

procedure of transposition) and view point (the procedure of modulation) especially from

Bahasa Indonesia into English translation.

CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Before moving on to further investigations there are several concepts that need to be made

obvious, they are the concept of translation, procedures in translation including modulation

and transposition, comparative study, and concepts of accuracy and clarity. The concepts

recited are based on several ideas from some experts in translation and linguistic fields to

support this research.

2.1 Concept of Translation

Various definitions are proposed by the experts about translation yet basically they have a

similar notion. According to Newmark in Prasetyani (2009:28) translation is a craft

consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language. It is

strengthened by Catford in Leornardi (2000) who defines translation as the changing process

of one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). Two definitions above seem

simpler if the translator only needs to translate the target text in arbitrary, but if it is so, the

target reader will encounter by the bias meaning in the content revealed in TL, Bell (1991:6)

states that translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by

representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Regarding to Bell’s statement it is

absolutely an obligation to replace SL with the equivalent text in TL, and still in the similar

vein. Thriveni (2002:2) defines that translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking

other words with similar meaning but finding appropriate ways of saying things in another

language. As a complementary the translated text must be equivalent in terms of meaning and

style. It is stated by Nida in Prasetyani (2009:29) that translation consists of reproducing in

the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in

term of meaning, second in the term of style. Binding all definitions above, translation is an

act of replacing the meaning or message from SL to TL regarding with the equivalent essence

in TL by using an appropriate way.

2.2 Translation Procedure

Procedures are the strategies (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the

translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a

particular objective in mind (Molina and Albir, 2002:508). According to Macquarie

Dictionary in Machali (2000:62) procedure in translation is the act or manner of proceeding

in any action or process. Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo in Molina and Albir (2002:507) recite

that the procedure engages with the action that implements in the smallest part of language

such as clause, phrase, word and so on.

Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how

to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal. Procedures include

the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies. Therefore Vinay

and Darbelnet in Lili (2009:1) proposes seven procedures in translation in which those seven

procedures compile into two general categories i.e. direct and oblique. It depends on the

timing to decide whether direct or oblique that will be used in translating a text. The

translator will use direct procedure when structural and conceptual elements of the SL can be

translated immediately into target language, while oblique is used when structural and

conceptual elements of SL cannot directly translated without changing the meaning and

stylistic elements to TL. Direct translation consists of three procedures (borrowing, calque

and literal translation), they are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source

language can be transposed into the target language, while oblique translation consists of four

procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation).

2.2.1 Borrowing

Based on Vinay and Dalbernet in Lili (2009:1) borrowing is used when the SL word is

transferred directly to the TL. This usually happens because (a) the SL term does not have

any equivalent in TL and/or (b) the SL term has been recognized in TL vocabulary. The

examples of borrowing are as follows.

SL (English) TL (Bahasa)

Actor Aktor

Taxi Taksi

Application Aplikasi

Debora (2010:10)

2.2.2 Calque

It is a procedure to ‘borrow’ the SL expression or structure and then transfer it in a literal

translation. In other words calque is a special kind of borrowing, so. as borrowing procedure

mentioned above, it has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. Vinay

and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) divides calque into two kinds, they are:

a. Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing

a new mode of expression.

SL TL

four-by-four (4x4) empat kali empat (4x4)

table tennis tenis meja

classic guitar gitar klasik

b. Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL).

The example of structural calque is as follows.

SL TL

Equity financing Pemerataan keuangan.

Debora (2010:15)

2.2.3 Literal Translation

Literal translation is briefly a procedure of word-for-word translation in translating the SL to

TL. It is used the most common in translating between languages of the same family and

culture. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) states that literal translation is the direct

transfer of SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the

translator task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. The

examples of literal translation is as follows

SL TL

A glass of juice Segelas jus

Reading a novel Membaca sebuah novel

2.2.4 Modulation

Translator will be encountered by many kinds of obstacles if they just translate a text based

on the literal meaning, as a result, the TL cannot be understood easily, even more TL will

produce bias meaning or it has no point of meanings that could be grabbed by the reader.

Larson in Prasetyo (2011:2) argues a text that is translated as literal form (SL to TL) will give

nothing toward the meaning. Related to the prominence of meaning in TL, this paper will

employ modulation as a kind of tool used.

Stated by Lili in her journal (2009:4) modulation can be adopted when, through literal or

transposition translation result considered as abnormal or awkward. For instance the words in

SL “Be my guest” is transformed into bahasa Indonesia is “Silahkan” not “Jadilah tamu saya”

and “don’t mention it” (on the reply of thank you) not “Jangan menyebutkannya” or “Jangan

sebutkan itu” but “Terimakasih kembali” or “Sama-sama” (Suryati 2006:3).

An extending study about modulation proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet is done by Chuquet

and Paillard. They basically have similar stand point toward this procedure; therefore the

writer employs Chuquet and Paillard modulation type in order to give clear explanation.

Based on Chuquet and Paillard in Eprida (2009:39), modulation splits in to grammatical and

lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas

lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. The example of two types

of modulation reveal as follows:

2.2.4.1 Grammatical modulation

a. The changing of interrogative to imperative sentence and vice versa.

Example:

SL: On y va?

TL: Ayo, kita berangkat!

Prayoga in Eprida (2009:39)

b. Active for passive and vice versa.

Example:

SL: II ne trade pas apercevoir ses defaults.

TL: Dia akan segera menyadari kekurangannya


Or

SL: That question is hard to answer.

TL: Pertanyaan itu susah untuk di jawab.

c. Double negative for positive.

Example:

SL: Sans etre impossible, la mise en valeur des forets marecageuses.

TL: Meskipun dapat dilakukan pembudidayaan hutan berawa membutuhkan modal

yang besar.


Or

SL: You should not be oblivious about the penalty given by your lecturer.

TL: Kamu seharusnya menyadari tentang hukuman yang diberikan oleh dosenmu.

d. Syntactical modulation.

Example:

SL: On vous demande au telephone.

S + O + V + complement

TL: Ada telepon untuk anda.

Verbal + Complement


2.2.4.2 Lexical modulation

a. Abstract for concrete.

Example:

SL: Nous dormirons a la belle etoile.

TL: Kami akan tidur di alam terbuka pada malam hari.


Or

SL: I’m just religious pupil.

TL: Saya hanya seorang santri.

b. The changing of equal connotation from SL to TL.

Example:

SL: II n’y a pas de fume sans feu.

TL: Tak ada asap tanpa api.


Or

SL: Like father like son.

TL: Buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya.

c. The connotation stated in SL being explained in TL, this type is usually used if the SL

does not have the equal connotation in TL, therefore the connotation in SL is

explained in TL. According to Badudu (2008) the example is stated as bellow:

Example:

SL: Actuellement, I’hevea est considere comme la poule aux oeufs d’or.

TL: Kini Karet dianggap sebagai sumber pendapatan.


Or

SL: Lebih baik berputih tulang dari pada menanggung malu seperti ini.

TL: Death is better than I have to bear the shame like this.

d. The changing of proverb or word because of cultural differentiation.

Example:

SL: II est bête comme une oie.

TL: Dia bodoh seperti kerbau.


Or

SL: Just a book worm wants to stay at the library all day long.

TL: Hanya seorang kutu buku yang ingin tinggal di perpustakaan seharian.

e. The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form.

Example:

SL: II a achete du café soluble.

TL: Dia membeli kopi instant.


Or

SL: She looked lovely in that dress.

TL: Dia terlihat cantik dengan pakaian itu.

f. Cause for effect and vice versa.

Example:

SL: La fille a pose une question epineuse a sa mere.

TL: Gadis itu mengajukan pertanyaan yang menusuk hati ibunya.


Or

SL: Bagaimana penampilan bapak?

TL: how do I look?

g. Part for the whole.

Example:

SL: Iis se trouvent nez a nez.

TL: Mereka berttemu muka.


Or

SL: I've got a new set of wheels.

TL: Saya mempunyai mobil baru.

h. One part to another.

Example:

SL: J’ai vu la sene par le trou de la serrure.

TL: Saya melihat adegan itu melalui lubang kunci.


Or

SL: The little girl was wearing red from head to toe.

TL: Pakaian anak perempuan itu bernuansa merah dari ujung rambut hingga ujung

kaki.

i. Place for function.

Example:

SL: Le Quai d’Orsay a repondu a cette question.

TL: Kementrian Luar Negri Prancis telah menjawab pertanyaan itu.


Or

SL: Buckingham has prepared the tea party to celebrate Kate and Will 1st anniversary.

TL: Pihak kerajaan telah mempersiapkan pesta minum teh untuk merayakan hari jadi

Kate dan Will yang pertama.

2.2.5 Transposition

Rather than transposition, Catford uses the word ‘shift’ for this procedure while Vinay and

Dalbernet stick with ‘transposition’, however what they describe about this procedure are the

same. Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the

grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message.

According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) this procedure can also be found within a

language, I give him a kiss is semantically no difference from I kiss him though the word kiss

is changed from a noun into a verb. Vinay and Darbelnet states that the first expression can

be called the base expression, while the converted form of kiss as a verb is called the

transposed expression. Intent to delve the deeper view about this procedure the writer decides

to employ Catford’s shift in order to support the transposition procedure proposed by Vinay

and Dalbernet. According to Catford in Munday (2001: 60) shift or transposition splits into

two types, i.e. shift of level and shift of category. This study has included both of them which

are defined as follows.

1. Level shift. This type of shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one

language and lexis in another.

Example

SL: Completion

TL: He has achieved

Catford (1965: 77)

Or

SL: They are singing

(to be + Ving = Grammatical system)

TL: Mereka sedang bernyanyi

(Sedang = lexical adj.)

2. Category shift. Catford subdivides this type into four kinds, they are:

a. Structural shift: this type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a

shift in grammatical structure. Catford (1965: 77) states that this type either contains

different elements or changes the sequence of the elements. It can be found at other

ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to

(M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier).

Example:

SL: Me gusta el jazz (Spain)

Indirect object pronoun + V + Subject noun structure

TL: I like Jazz (English)

Subject pronoun + V + Direct object structure

Prasetyani (2009: 47)

Or

SL: Buku itu harus kita bawa

TL: We must bring the book

Or

SL: A white house (MH)

TL: Rumah (yang ) putih (HM)

b. Class shift: these type comprise shift from one part of speech to another

Example:

SL: A medical student (adj)

TL: Un etudiant en medicine (adv)


Or

SL: A sudden crash happened this morning (adj)

TL: Kecelakaan secara tiba-tiba terjadi pagi ini (adv)

c. Unit shift or rank shift: this type is employed when SL transposed to different rank in

TL. ‘Rank’ here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clause, group,

word and morpheme.

Example:

SL: Hari libur (phrase)

TL: Holiday (word)

Or

SL: Prempuan bergaun merah. (Adj. P)

TL: The girl who wears red gown. (Adj. C)

d. Intra-system shift: this type of shift will occur internally when the SL and TL possess

approximately corresponding system but where the translation involves selection of a

non-corresponding term in the TL system (2001: 61) example given between English

and Bahasa are number and article systems, where, although similar systems operate

in the two languages, they do not always correspond or in other word this types

involves the transposition of plural in SL to singular to TL and vice versa.

Example:

SL: des conseil (Plural)

TL: advice (singular)


Or

SL: A pair of glasses.

TL: Sebuah kacamata.

2.2.6 Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) states that equivalence is a procedure to describe the same

situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for producing

equivalent texts. In other words, the procedure of equivalence can be used to translate fixed

expression in SL such as idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, animal

onomatopoeia, etc. into the equal different form in TL. According to Debora (2010) the

example is tated as bellow:

Example:

SL: It’s raining cats and dogs.

TL: Hujan turun dengan derasnya.

Or

SL: Birds of a feather flock together.

TL: Rasam minyak dengan minyak, rasam air dengan air.

Debora (2010:21)

2.2.7 Adaptation

Lili (2009) in her journal states that this procedure refers to a method used in the cases where

the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In

such cases translators have to create a new situation in SL that can be considered as being

equivalent in TL. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a

situational equivalence. Titles of books, movies, and characters fit into this category, Vinay

and Darbelnet in Debora (2010).

Example:

SL: Baseball (English)

TL: Futbol (Spanish)

Or

SL: After the Night (a novel by Linda Howard)

TL: Menunggu Fajar

Debora (2010:22)

2.3 Comparative Study

Comparison is one of the most efficient methods for explanation of utilizing tacit knowledge

of tacit attitudes. This method can assist the writer to boost the cases from the initial level of

exploratory studies to a more advanced level of general theoretical models. In comparative

study the writer are similar in some aspect, but they also have the differences in some aspect.

Therefore the different aspects become the focus of examination. The purpose of the focus is

obviously to find out why the cases are different and to reveal the general underlying

structure which generates or allow such a variation, Routio (2007). He also states that

comparative study aims at describing and perhaps also explaining the invariances of the

objects. It does not aim at generating changes in the objects; on the contrary, it usually tries to

avoid them. In conclusion the focus of comparative study is to reveal the distinction within

the both of research object without producing the changing in each.

2.4 Concept of Accuracy

Fadaee (2011) states that accuracy as well as clarity is one of the main features of evaluating

translation of literary books which acts as the crucial tendencies of translator to create a good

and natural piece of translation. It is no doubt that in transferring the idea from SL to TL the

translator has to fulfill the essential aspects of translation; accuracy and clarity in order to

avoid the ambiguity, and awkwardness in translation result. Defined by Suttleworth and

Cowie in Anari (2009) accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree

of correspondence between the translated and original texts. While according to Larson in

Anari (2009), accuracy in representing the meaning of the original text and using natural

idiomatic expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator.

Supported by Rahimi (2004:55) a translated text will be considered accurate if it contains the

following things, they are:

1. There is no information which is omitted.

2. There is no additional information that exists in TL if it does not exist in SL.

3. There is no mistake during the analysis of the source text resulting in different

meaning.

In order to measure the level of accuracy, some indicators are made by the writer based on

the concept of accuracy as stated by Rahimi above. It means that the writer modifies the

indicators proposed by Rahimi above.

Table 2.1 the measurement of level of accuracy according to Rahimi (Modified by the

writer).

Category Scale Indicator

Accurate 3

The information in SL is suitably conveyed in TL.

Information in SL is communicated without omitting and

adding any info which are not contained in TL. Meaning

in SL is conveyed in TL in a right way.

Average 2

The information in SL is quite suitably conveyed in TL.

Information in SL is communicated with a small amount

of addition and omission of info in TL.

Less 1

The information in SL insufficiently conveyed in TL.

There are a lot of distortions of meaning.

Inaccurate 0

The information in SL is omitted in TL. No additional

information exists in SL but it does in TL. The meaning

in SL conveyed in TL is not suitable.

2.5 Concept of Clarity

Larson in Fadaee (2011) states that clarity in translation means the translated piece can

communicate to the people (target audience) who are to use it. He adds that in clear

translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the

source text as easy to understand as the source text itself. Rahimi (2004:56) recites that the

translation will be considered lacks of clarity if it contains the following cases:

1. TL does not communicate with people who are to use it,

2. TL does not use the form of understandable language for language speakers.

To measure the clarity of translation, the writer modifies the indicators proposed by Rahimi

as follows.

Table 2.2 the measurement of level of clarity according to Rahimi (modified by the

writer).

Category Scale Indicator

Clear 3

TL can be easily understood by the target readers since

the TL uses the form of understandable language.

Average 2

TL is quite understandable to target readers. Target

readers require special / little interpretation since TL does

not use the form of easy-to-understand language in TL.

Less 1

TL is less understandable to target readers. Readers

require frequent interpretation due to the frequent use of

uneasy to understand language in TL.

Unclear 0

TL does not communicate with the target readers. Target

readers make a lot of interpretation efforts to understand

the TL due to the use of uneasy-to understand form of

language.

2.6 Subtitle

Comprehending the sequence story spilled in a foreign movie is not absolutely adequate by

just seeing the picture and the verbal movement because that might create bias perception for

the audience in understanding a movie story, therefore the function of subtitle hands an

important role toward the audience. Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) states that subtitle is the

rendering in a different language of verbal messages in filmic media in the shape of one or

more line of written text presented on the screen. Based on Shuttleworth and Cowie in

Jaskansen (1999) subtitle is the process of providing synchronized captions for film and

television dialogue. Basically subtitle not only changes language but it also switches from the

spoken to the written mode and it presents a story in a real time as a dynamic text type,

Szarkowska (2005). As the conclusion subtitle in a movie is able to synchronize foreign

dialogs in a movie with the certain target dialog (different language).

2.7 Previous Study

This study tries to analyze the construction of modulation and transposition in terms of

accuracy and clarity toward the translation as a product. To support this study some theses

and articles related to this paper especially transposition and modulation will be employed to

give comparison and input to this writing.

Anari (2009), in his journal entitled Naturalness and Accuracy in English Translation of

Hafiz, discusses about accuracy and naturalness in English translation of Hāfiz ghazals

(poetry) by English and Persian native speakers. Through his research he found the

differences of translation result especially in the sense of naturalness and accuracy.

Furthermore he found a great finding and concluded that in the samples studied the

translation of Hāfiz ghazals by Persian translator was more accurate, whereas the translation

by English translator was more natural. The study conducted by Anari was quite similar to

the research that will be done by the writer, which was about the point of accuracy in

translated text, yet Anari did not conduct the research about the clarity in the product of

translation. The object of the study was also different with the research that will be conducted

by the writer, in Anari’s work the object of the study was a poetry while the writer will

analyze movie subtitles. He states through his journal that native and non-native translators

have to cooperate each other in producing a pace of translation of literary work, especially in

this case, a poetry, it leads to a better translation which is both natural in its form and

accurate in its meaning.

In addition, accuracy and clarity can also be measured by using procedures of translation. A

research closely related to the case was done by Prasetyo (2011). His research aims at

describing transposition and modulation in a book entitled Teori Budaya and discussing the

accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translated sentences containing transposition

and modulation. He took the data from a book entitled Culture Theory translated into Teori

Budaya. From the research he conducted he found that both modulation and transposition

have their own advantages and disadvantages. In terms of accuracy, transposition is more

accurate than modulation yet modulation has higher levels of acceptability and readability

than transposition does. The study conducted by Prasetyo has similarities to this study, but it

differs from what Prasetyo did in the object researched. Furthermore Prasetyo did a research

to measure the accuracy, acceptability, and readability, whereas the writer is eager to measure

the accuracy and clarity in the text translated.

To obtain a deeper insight for this research, the writer found a similar research which was

conducted by Shakernia (2011). Her study aimed at the investigation of the use of Vinay and

Darbelnet’s direct and oblique translations procedures in the Persian subtitles of American

historical drama and romantic comedy movies. Shakernia investigated the two main

categories of translation procedures (direct and oblique translation) in the main focus of

subtitles in historical drama and romantic comedy movies. She discovered great findings that

direct translation procedures which are used more frequently in historical drama movies and

manifested in historical drama subtitle, while she also indicated that oblique translation

strategy was applied more in the Persian subtitles of romantic comedy movies. However the

study conducted by Shakernia did not reveal the procedures of modulation and transposition

in details because she engaged with seven procedures that proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.

As the result of gaining three previous studies as stated above, the writer is able to behold the

general concept of certain seminal points in order to compose this research. The general

concept of accuracy applied from Anari’s journal, and the concept of direct and oblique as a

general procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet obtained from the research conducted by

Shakernina (2011), while, the writer gets the concept of modulation and transposition from

the research done by Prasetyo (2011).

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Research design refers to the plan used to examine the question of interest whereas

methodology refers to the principles, procedures, and practices that govern research.

Methodology should be thought of as encompassing the entire process of conducting research

(i.e., planning and conducting the research study, drawing conclusions, and disseminating the

findings), Kazdin in Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger (2005:22). It means methodology

covers research design within composing a research study. This chapter deals with some

aspects i.e. Data source, technique of collecting data, technique of analyzing data, and

technique of presenting the analysis.

This research applied the qualitative research, since qualitative is characterized by the

observation and description in forms of word and sentence, Bogdan and Biklen (2003:110).

This research was conducted through the observation of modulation and transposition in Sang

Pencerah movie subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. Afterward, this

research gave a complete description of the accuracy and clarity toward Sang Pencerah

movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One by applying modulation and

transposition. The most important thing to be analyzed was the most frequently-applied

procedure between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie subtitles and its

English subtitles The Enlightened One.

3.3 Data and Data Source

The data source of this research was taken from Sang Pencerah movie and its English

subtitles The Enlightened One. Meanwhile the data, modulation and transposition was taken

from the sentences, clauses, phrases, words or the smallest units in the subtitles contained in

chapter 13-14 in Sang Pencerah movie and their translations in The Enlightened One.

3.4 Data Collecting Technique

The collecting term was useful before anything could be done through the research in order to

make the writer easily analyze and interpret the data. Technique of data collecting that the

writer used for this research was observation. According to Sudaryanto in Putrawan

(2011:33) observation applied by thoroughly observing the source language. In this case, the

writer observed the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie and found out the

occurrences of modulation and transposition. Note-taking served to identify and classify the

data, i.e. the modulation and transposition procedures which contained in the English

subtitles of Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One, therefore

it was easy for the writer to formulate the analysis. But before the implementation of note

taking, the writer was firstly do a close reading step toward Sang Pencerah subtitles and its

English subtitles The Enlightened One. The procedures of modulation and transposition

contained in the subtitles were be highlighted and noted down as the data for the analysis.

Then, the phenomena of modulation and transposition procedures were classified based on

Catford, Chuquet and Paillard as the experts who supported the notion in detail about

modulation and transposition procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet.

In addition personal interviewing was followed as the complement. Personal interviewing

was flexible way that could be used to collect large amounts of information. Furthermore the

informant could guide interviews, explore issues, and proved as the situation requires,

Dawson (2002:14). The informants were offered some questions closely related to accuracy

and clarity in Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The

informants either had to answer the direct question from the writer or wrote their comment

objectively toward the research object. There are five informants that were involved in this

research and to gain the reliable informant, the writer interviewed the student who already

finished the translation class, in order to create deeper inquiry toward the accuracy and clarity

in modulation and transposition procedures, the writer also employed one lecture, one sworn

translator and one native speaker.

3.5 Data Analyzing Technique

Regarding the qualitative research, the writer analyzed the data descriptively. After gathering

the occurrences of modulation and transposition in the Sang Pencerah English subtitles, they

were classified based on the procedures of modulation and transposition proposed by Vinay

and Dalbernet which were supported and strengthened by Chuquet and Pailard and Catford

(2001:60). After indentifying the translation procedures the writer focused on the level of

accuracy and clarity in the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie based on the

informant’s objective information gained through the personal interviewing, and the last

section that was conclusion was followed to reveal the result from what had been analyzed by

the writer.

Chapter 1 3

Technology

Transcript of Chapter 1 3