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Transcript of Chapter 1-3
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
Introduction
Water is the key to a person's survival because without
water survival is simply not an option. However, water has
to be purified otherwise bacteria in the water can be
harmful to your drink. This is highlighted especially in
the Third World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where
many people die due to contaminated water that contains lots
of bacteria that cause infection and illness. In all
countries water is considered valuable to maintain its
purity and it must go through several processes such as
reverse osmosis which is quite expensive.
However there are cheaper ways to purify water; it
wouldn’t even cost you money. One example is solar heat.
Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a period of time. It
has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of
the world. On the other hand, the seed extract of Moringa
oleifera, commonly called Malunggay in the Philippines, has
been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria
living in water.
1
Both of these ways are proven and tested by
researchers but not using these two as a combination. The
researchers will conduct this study to determine if
Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in
purifying water. This study aims to determine whether
Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in water
purification.
Background of the Study
The use of solar heat has been reported to be very
effective in purifying water. The use of raw malunggay seed
extract has also been reported to be a good water purifier.
Considering that both solar heat and malunggay seed extract
are not costly at all when used in water purification, and
both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but
not using these two as a combination, the researchers found
it logical to try to verify and determine if the
combination of both solar heat and malunggay seed extract is
effective in purifying water.
2
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
This study is anchored on both foreign and local
claims, based on their studies, that solar radiation and
moringga seed extracts have been tested and proven to be
effective in purifying dirty waters.
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat
water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an
antimicrobial agent. Drs. Geoff Folkard and John
Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have
worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove
solids in water for drinking (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
According also to to the study that was made by
researchers on From Haninger(2009), he says that crushed
Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a
certain area and it can lower the bacterial concentration
in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also
be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty
water in rivers.
Waters are purified to improve its quality and make it
fit for human consumption. Water purification does not only
kill the harmful bacteria found in dirty waters but it also
3
aims to make the water looks clear and remove all its
impurities to make it more acceptable to user.
With the positive reports and encouraging results of
earlier studies made about water purification using solar
heat Moringga seeds, the researchers find it interesting to
find out how the combination of malunggay seed extracts and
solar heat exposure affects the quality of dirty waters in
terms of its pH, turbidity and the presence of harmful
micro-organism, Escherichia coli. An evaluation is to made
regarding the hypothesis that states that “ H0: There is
no significant difference in the water before and after it
is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of
turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” And for
the “H1: There is a significant difference in the water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and
solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the
Coliform bacteria.”
The schema clearly illustrates the relationship between
the Independent Variables (IV) and the Dependent Variables
(DV). There are two (2) IVs in the left box, namely: The
first is the concentration or Number of Malunggay Seed added
to one (1) Liter water for purification ( 1 seed:1 Liter; 2
seeds: 1 Liter; and 3 seeds:1Liter, respectively) and the
4
second is Solar Heat and in the right box are the Dependent
Variables (DV). The arrow in between the two boxes is
pointing to the right box containing the DV. This arrow
signifies that the IVs have a direct influence on the DV
which is Water Quality measured in terms of the following
characteristics, namely: Color of Water; Water pH; and No.
of Escherichia coli. It means that changes made in the
concentration of the Independent Variables , a corresponding
reaction will be noted from the DV. In this study, should
there be significant effects on the Dependent Variables,
the positive Hypothesis may be accepted and it will prove
that malunggay and solar heat is effective as water
purifier.
5
Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.
6
Malunggay Seed Extract
1 Kernel per Liter of Water
2 Kernels per Liter of Water
2 Kernels per Liter of Water
Solar heat
Water Quality
Color of water
Ph
No. of coliform bacteria
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa
oleifera Lin.) seed extract and solar heat are effective in
water purification.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the
following sub-problems:
1. Is there a significant difference in the water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract
and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number
of the Coliform bacteria?
2. How many malunggay seeds are needed to purify a
liter of open well water?
3. Does malunggay alter water pH?
Hypotheses
On the bases of the research problems stated, two
hypothesis are hereby formulated:
H0: There is no significant difference in the water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract
and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number
of the Coliform bacteria.
7
H1: There is a significant difference in the water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract
and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number
of the Coliform bacteria.
Significance of the Study
This study hopes to create an impact on people’s health
and the economy.
People’s Health. People in the rural areas, or those
who are living in the hinterlands where there is no purified
water available, just drink water taken from open wells.
They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea
from their dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this
type of water purification can lessen the cause of diarrhea
and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water.
The purification process is very easy to do because even
small children can do it right and it doesn’t use
sophisticated and costly gadgets.
The Poor. The poor living in either rural areas or in
the cities can do water purification by themselves using
malunggay and solar radiation which is cash-saving. Poverty
won’t be a hindrance for the poor to drink clean and safe
water.
8
Economy. This study can also be a big help in the
economy of our poor families and the nation, in general,
because it doesn’t use any expensive chemicals and
processes. It uses only a very common natural ingredient
taken from malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found
in many parts of the country and it could be easily grown in
everyone’s backyard and last for a number of years.
Environment. It can benefit the environment because
this process is purely organic. This process would encourage
Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily available
source of kernels for water purification. Likewise, it would
eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very
nutritious malunggay leaves for home consumption and for
sale. Furthermore, the waste from pounding malunggay seeds
is biodegradable; therefore, it won’t cause poisoning and
environmental pollution. It is very safe.
Student-Researchers. The results of this study would
be a good source of information for the students to use in
the pursuit of further verifications and experimentations
regarding the benefits that the malunggay plant could give
to us in water purification.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
9
The study will be conducted at the Lood’s Residence,
Turno, Dipolog City covering the period from last week of
September to the second week of October 2011. The
Researchers will use samples of an open-well water found
at the heart of the City of Dipolog owned by the Kyamko
family in Cental Barangay, a block away from the Dipolog
City Pilot Demonstration School. The water samples will be
examined by the Agape Laboratory, Dipolog City. The
researchers will collect 12 Malunggay kernels. The
production of Malunggay seed extract will be done using the
crushing method. This study is limited only to the use of
the Malunggay seed extract and solar heat for water
purification of an open-well water samples.
Definition of Key Terms
Moringa oleifera. Malunggáy in Filipino, refers to the
most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which
is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is an
exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of
potential uses.
10
Kernel. This term refers to the grain or seed, as of a
cereal grass, enclosed in a husk grain or seed, as of a
cereal grass, enclosed in a husk.
Etract. This term refers to obtain something from a
source, usually by separating it out from other material
Water purification. This term refers to the process of
removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological
contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce
water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified
for human consumption (drinking water) but water
purification may also be designed for a variety of other
purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,
pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.
Water quality. This term refers to the physical,
chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a
measure of the condition of water relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any
human need or purpose.
Solar heat. This term refers to the energy emitted by
the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates
electromagnetic energy.
11
pH. This term refers to the measure of acidity or
alkalinity.
Turbidity. This term refers to the cloudiness
or haziness of a fluid caused by
individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally
invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The
measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
Open well. This term refers to a well whose diameter is
great enough (1 meter or more) for a person to descend to
the water level. It is an artificial pond filling a large
excavation in the zone of saturation up to the water table.
Escherichia coli , commonly abbreviated E. coli This
term refers to the main species of bacteria that live in the
lower intestines of mammals. It is a Gram-negative, rod-
shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower
intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E.
coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause
serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally
responsible for product recalls.
Chapter 2
12
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related
Literature and Studies which has bearing to the present
studies
Legal Aspects
A. Foreign
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main
federal law that ensures the quality of Americans'
drinking water. Under SDWA, United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking
water quality and oversees the states, localities, and
water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was
originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public
health by regulating the nation's public drinking water
supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and
requires many actions to protect drinking water and its
sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground
water wells. This law contains requirements for
ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking
water supplies. This is the principal federal law
concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to
13
promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The
major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143).
Parts 141, 142, and 143 regulate primary contaminants,
implementation by states, and secondary contaminants.
Primary contaminants are those with health impacts.
State implementation allows states to be the primary
regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA)
provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary
contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are
not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)
B. Local
Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993
(PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section
9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation
of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks
Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply
Systems both Government and Private entities, health
and sanitation authorities and the general public and
all other concerned by standards cover requirements for
the acceptable values of the determined parameters in
measuring water quality. These parameters include
microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological
14
compositions of the water. The standard also delineates
values established in conforming with the medical and
health implication of the parameters as opposed to
values established purely to satisfy aesthetic
requirements (DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series
1994)
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that
the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a
manner consistent with the protection, preservation and
revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and
marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for
sustainable development shall be pursued. This
includes the use of water for domestic purposes like
drinking and potable water and also water treatment.
Literature
Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made
by researchers on
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htmlh
ey say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used
widely around a certain area and it can lower the bacterial
concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And
it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for
cleaning dirty water in rivers. This simple method does not
15
only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful
bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins
with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the
bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in
water. They say that by using Moringa seeds, people will no
longer be depending on expensive means of purification.
Using this method of purification will replace the use of
chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are
dangerous to people and especially the environment, and
mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every different
water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds,
because impurities on such waters will not be the same.
Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid help in working
out the correct amount needed.
Heat. Clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of
the world and many persons die because of this. It is
estimated that two million people die every year because of
water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill
bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of
people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap
way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of
clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill
with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will
16
kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The
method will be faster if the temperature is higher, it would
be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the
black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.
This method only works in clear water not pond or river
water. SODIS (Solar Disinfection),
Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA
radiation, provided by the Sun. Water is placed in a
transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking,
followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for
six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and
gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any
microbes that may be present. The combination of the two
provides a simple method of disinfection for tropical
developing countries.
Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the
process of removing contaminants from surface water or
groundwater to make it safe and palatable for human
consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used,
depending on the raw water source, contaminants present,
standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of
Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water
supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different
17
sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to
render it ft for human consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)
It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated
water. It’s goal is to produce water fit for a specific
purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption
(drinking water) but water purification may also be designed
for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the
requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and
industrial applications. In general the methods used include
physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation,
biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated
sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and
chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such
as ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com) [REFER TO APA STYLE
FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES]
Related Studies
A. Foreign Studies
In large scale treatment plants Aluminium Sulphate
is used as a conventional chemical coagulant. As an
18
alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa
oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in
household water treatment as well as in the community
water treatment systems. Natural coagulant properties
were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory
studies. The seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain
significant quantities of low molecular-weight, (water-
soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When
the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins
produce positive charges acting like magnets and
attracking the predominantly negatively charged
particles such as clay, silk, bacterias, and other
toxic particles in water). The flocculation process
occurs when the proteins bind the negatives charges
forming flocs through the aggregation of particles
which are present in water. These flocs are easly to
remove by settling or filtration. The material can
clarify not only highly turbid muddy water but also
water of medium and low turbidity. The level of
turbidity influences the required time for the
floculation. As with all coagulants, the effectiveness
of the seeds may vary from one raw water to another.
The practical application of dosing solutions is
exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies
19
have been carried out to determine the potential risks
associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water
treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the
seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at
the low doses.
Within the pods are possibly the best part of the
tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be pressed
for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the
press cake remaining after oil extraction has been
shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation,
making it a marketable commodity (Folklard and
Sutherland, 1996)
According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai
Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult
Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa oleifera has been
compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing
suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major
advantage. Because it can be produced locally, "using
moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange
and generate farm and employment income." The
potential for moringa to create a new market for a
community is there, and studies and projects are taking
place examining this potential.
20
At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi,
Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John
Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England,
have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to
remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were the
tests successful in removing as much solid material as
alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from
enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in Malawi"
(Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
B. Local Studies
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat
water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an
antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally accepted as a
coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble
proteins which bind with negatively charged particles
(silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the
resulting ‘flocs’ to settle to the bottom or be removed
by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa
continue to be researched. The process of treating the
water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two
hours.
21
As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine
Star, Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried
presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa
solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh
each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one
liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water
treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the
solid residue left over after oil extraction.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
22
This chapter discusses the methods, procedures and the
materials, the Treatments and number of Replications to be
made in the event that this proposed experiment will be
carried out. This chapter also presents the data to be
collected.
Research Design
The present study used the single group design. In this
design, it involves treatment with two or more dosages.
Materials and Equipment
This experiment does not require the use of
sophisticated gadgets. The following are the materials and
equipments needed:
Plastic bottles (one liter capacity), with caps – 8
pcs.
Malunggay Seeds- 12 Kernels
Open Well water Samples, 8 Liters
Mortar and Pestle – 1 pair
Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief- 1 pc.
Marker
Cash for Laboratory Analysis Fee
Record Notebook
Ballpens
23
Plastic bags to hold/carry the 8 bottles
General Procedure
A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract
The researchers will collect malunggay seeds in pods.
A total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in
this study. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be done
manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by
pounding the seeds on a Mortar and Pestle. Using a
cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to
extract its juice.
B. Collection and Preparation of Water
The researchers will collect water samples from an open
well found at Kyamko Residence in Central Barangay ,
Dipolog City.
The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample from
the well. Eight pieces of one- liter capacity plastic
bottles will be filled with the sample waters for
experimentation. Two (2) replicates (Replicate A and
Replicate B) will be made which will consist of a set of
four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle
contains 1 Liter water.
24
C. Preparations of Treatments
During the extraction process, the specified number of
malunggay kernels to be used for each treatment will be
pounded separately, such that, for T1 which is 1
Kernel:1Liter water, only one (1) kernel will be pounded and
its juice will be extracted and immediately added to one
(1) liter bottled water sample, and so on for the other
Treatments.
The different concentrations of malunggay seed extracts
added to the water samples will be expressed based on its
quantity or number of seeds (kernels) used per liter of
water. The treatments, in two (2) replications A and B,
will use the following proportions or number of malunggay
seed (kernel) extracts added to a liter of water, viz:
Replicate A
25
Replicate B
There will be two (2) replicates ( Replicate A and
Replicate B) of the treatments in this study.
Treatments (Tx)
No. of Malunggay Kernels(pcs.)
Volume of water(Liter)
Control(0 Kernel:1Li.)
0 1
T1(1 kernel:1Li.)
1 1
T2(2 Kernels:1Li.)
2 1
T3(3 Kernels:1Li.)
3 1
Treatments (Tx)
No. of Malunggay Kernels(pcs.)
Volume of water(Liter)
Control(0 Kernel:1Li.)
0 1
T1(1 kernel:1Li.)
1 1
T2(2 Kernels:1Li.)
2 1
T3(3 Kernels:1Li.)
3 1
26
The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally
exposed under the heat of the sun for six (6) hours. The
Control, in two (2) bottles, will be left unexposed to the
heat of the sun.
Marking all the eight bottles with its assigned
Treatment will be done prior to malunggay juice extractions
to make sure that there will be no error done in pouring in
the (Treatments) extracts to the right marked bottles.
The prevailing weather condition should be given due
consideration in the conduct of this study. Extractions of
malunggay kernel juice and setting-up of this study will be
carried out only when there is an apparent sunny day to
ensure that there will be enough and continuous
uninterrupted solar radiation that would last for at least
six (6) hours to meet the six-hour solar exposure
requirement of this study.
Data-Gathering Procedure
The Researchers will subject the eight (8) bottles to
laboratory analysis. After six (6) hours of sun exposure
of the six (6) bottles containing malunggay seed extracts,
all the eight (8) bottles: 2 bottles containing the Control
27
group, and the 6 bottles with Treatments containing the
water samples, will be brought to Agape Laboratory in
Dipolog City for Laboratory Analysis to find out their pH,
turbidity, and E.Coli presence, respectively.
The laboratory analysis results will give the data
on both the Control group and those with the different
Treatments. Table 4.1 below will contain all the data
that the Researchers need to gather.
Statistical Treatment of the Study
Table 4.1 Laboratory Results of Water Analysis
TRIAL
TxControl T1 T2 T3
0 Kernel: 1 Liter 1Kernel: 1Liter 2 Kernel: 1Liter 3 Kernel:1 Liter
pHTurbid-ity
E.Coli pH
Turbid-ity
E.Coli pH
Turbid-ity
E.Coli pH
Turbid-ity
E.Coli
Replicate AReplicate B
TOTAL
MEANS
Table 4.1 above will contain the primary data taken by
the Researchers from the results of the laboratory
analysis. F-test or ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) will be
used to compare the means of the different Treatments with
the Control group and find out if there is a significant
28
difference between the Treatments and the Control.
Itsresults will lead to finding out the validity or nullity
of the hypothesis of this study relative to the
effectiveness of the combinationof Solar Heat and Malunggay
Seed extract as water purification agents
29
Preparation of twelve (12) sterilized plastic
bottles.
Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water sam
ples from an open well
Manual shelling of the malunggay
Bibliography
Madsen M, J Schlundt, and EF Omer (1987) Effect of water
coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial
30
Collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay
seeds in pods
All eight (8) bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Turbidity, and E.Coli presence
Pounding the seeds using a Mortar and
Pestle
The water sample will have four (4) set-ups each containing 100mL of its respective water. The Control group is going to be brought to Agape Lab for analysis.
Three (3) of the set ups will have treatments T1, T2, and T3 and a Control with different malunggay extract concentration: T1= 1 kernel:1 Liter, T2= 2 kernels:1 Liter T3=, 3 kernels: 1 Liter and Control=3 kernels: 1 Liter
Six (6) hours of sun exposure
Pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice using cheesecloth.
concentrations. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
90: 101-109. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
Solar water disinfection. Retreived September 3, 2011 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SODIS
Olsen A (1987) Low technology water purification by
bentonite clay and Moringa oleifera seed flocculation as
performed in Sudanese villages. Effects on Schistosoma
mansoni cercariae. Water Research 21(5): 517-522.
Retrieved August 25, 2011
Duke JA (1987) Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolive-
tree, drumstick-tree, sohnja, moringa, murunga-kai,
malunggay, p. 19-28. In: M. Benge (ed.) Moringa: A
multipurpose vegetable and tree that purifies water.
Sci. & Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources
Agro-Forestation Tech. Ser. 27. US AID, Washington, D.C.
Retrieved August 28, 2011
Yongbai KA (2005) Studies on the potential use of
medicinal plants and macrofungi (lower plants) in water
31
and waste water purification. Retreived September 8,
2011 from www.biotech.kth.se/iobb/news/kenneth04.doc.
Berger MR, M Habs, SA Jahn, S Schmahl (1984)
Toxicological assessment of seeds from Moringa oleifera
and Moringa stenopetala, two highly efficient primary
coagulants for domestic water treatment of tropical raw
waters. East African Medical Journal 61: 712-716.
Retrieved September 15, 2011
Jahn SA, HA Musnad and H Burgstaller (1986) Tree that
purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in
the Sudan. Unasylva 38(152): 23-28. Retreived September
18, 2011 from http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?
url_file=/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm
Haninger, M (2009) Moringa: a supermarket on a tree! Retreived
September 18, 2011 from
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htm
l
32
APPENDIX- A
(Letter-head of ZNNHS)
August 5, 2011
NOEL G. SOLIS. R.N.Research Adviser
33
ZNNHS Science DepartmentDipolog City
Re: Submission of Research Titles for Research Proposal Writing
Sir:
In view of my desire to start writing my research proposal for the first semester, school year 2011-2012, may I have honor to submit these research titles for your consideration:
(1) (1st title of research)
(2) (2nd title of research)
(3) (3rd title of research)
(4) (4th title of research)
(5) (5th title of research)
(6) (6th title of research)
(7)
(8)
Very truly,
Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. TiuAPPENDIX-B
Proposed Budget
Materials Quantity Price/Unit Cost
Plastic bottles (one liter
capacity) with
8 pcs.
34
caps
Malunggay Seeds 12 Kernels
Open Well water Samples
8 Liters
Mortar and Pestle 1 pair
Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief
1 pc.
Laboratory Analysis Fee
APPENDIX- C
Schedule of Activities
DAY ACTIVITIES
35
1Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water samples from an open well and collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods.
2
3
4
5
CURRICULUM VITAE I
Name: Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa
Gender: Female
Address: 141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City
36
141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-6566
Age: 14
Birthday: February 7, 1997
Place of Birth: Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]
Father: Antonio C. Gayapa
Occupation: Retired
Mother: Ma. Lenita J. Gayapa
Occupation: Government Employee
CURRICULUM VITAE II
Name: Alexa C. Tiu
Gender: Female
Address:
37
535 Ranillo St., Central Barangay, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-7180
Age: 13
Birthday: August 3, 1997
Place of Birth: Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte
Email Address: @yahoo.com
Father:
Occupation:
Mother:
Occupation:
38