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chapter 01 week 1 lecture 2 ew
Transcript of chapter 01 week 1 lecture 2 ew
PTHA 1513FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
Week 1: Lecture 2 Elaine Wilson, PT
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Today’s Theme Song 2
Welcome to the Spring Semester!!!
I LOVE THESE KIDS!!!3
Goals for Today4
Define commonly used anatomic and kinesiologic terminology
Describe common movements of the body
Analyze the planes of motion and axes of rotation for common motions
Differentiate between osteokinematic and arthrokinematic movement
Describe arthrokinematic principles of movement
Goals for Today - cont’d
Describe how force, torque, and levers affect biomechanical movement
Describe the three biomechanical lever systems, and explain their advantages and disadvantages
Analyze how muscular lines of pull produce specific biomechanical motions
Explain how muscular force vectors are used to describe movement
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Medical students at the dissection table in Anatomy lab.Medical College of Virginia, class of 1903
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CHAPTER 1Basic Principles of Kinesiology
Kinematics: Motion of a body without regard to forces8
Translation Rectilinear motion (straight line) Curvilinear motion (curved line)
Rotation (movement of body about an axis) Active movements
ex, flexing an arm over the head Passive movements
ex, limb moving without muscle contraction
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Kinesiology Terminology9
Anterior: toward the front of the body Posterior: toward the back of the body Midline: an imaginary line that courses
vertically through the center of the body Medial: toward the midline of the body Lateral: away from the midline of the
body Superior: above, or toward the head
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Kinesiology Terminology – cont’d
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Inferior: below, or toward the feet Proximal: closer to, or toward the
torso Distal: away from the torso Cephalad: toward the head Caudal: toward the feet, or “tail” Superficial: toward the surface (skin)
of the body
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Kinesiology Terminology – cont’d
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Deep: toward the inside (core) of the body
Origin: the proximal attachment of a muscle or ligament
Insertion: the distal attachment of a muscle or ligament
Prone: describes the position of an individual lying face down
Supine: describes the position of an individual lying face up
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Osteokinematics: Motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes12
Planes of motion Sagittal plane: left-right division Frontal plane: front-back division Horizontal (transverse) plane: top-
bottom division Anatomic position Degrees of freedom
Number of planes of motion joint allows
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Osteokinematics – cont’d13
Axes of rotation Anterior-posterior
e.g., hip abduction/adduction Medial-lateral
e.g., elbow flexion/extension Vertical (longitudinal)
Rotational movements, e.g., trunk rotation
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Osteokinematics: Body Motions
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Motion of one bone approaching the flexor surface of another
Extension An approximation of the extensor
surfaces of two bones Abduction
Frontal plane movement away from the midline
Adduction Frontal plane movement toward the
midline
Osteokinematics: Body Motions – cont’d
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Rotation: Bony segment spinning about its longitudinal axis of rotation Internal rotation
Anterior bone surface rotates toward the midline
External rotation Anterior bone surface rotates away from the midline
Circumduction A circular motion through two planes
Osteokinematics: Body Motions – cont’d16
Protraction Translation of bone away from
midline in a plane parallel to the ground
Retraction Movement of a bony segment
toward the midline in a plane parallel to the ground
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Osteokinematics: Body Motions – cont’d
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Horizontal adduction and abduction Shoulder motions in the transverse plane Horizontal adduction: hands come together Horizontal abduction: extremities move away
from midline Pronation
Forearm movement that turns the palm posteriorly
Supination Forearm movement that turns the palm
anteriorly
Osteokinematics: Body Motions – cont’d
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Radial deviation Lateral hand movement toward the radius
Ulnar deviation Medial hand movement toward the ulna
Dorsiflexion Sagittal plane ankle motion bringing the
foot upward
Plantar flexion Sagittal plane ankle motion pushing the
foot downward
Osteokinematics: Body Motions – cont’d
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Inversion and eversion Frontal plane motions of the
ankle/foot complex Inversion results in a medial-
facing foot sole Eversion results in a lateral-facing
foot sole
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Osteokinematics: It’s All Relative
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Two perspectives of movement at a joint Open-chain motion
Movement of distal segment of bone about a relatively fixed proximal segment
Closed-chain motion Movement of proximal segment of
bone about a relatively fixed distal segment
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Arthrokinematics: Arthrokinematics
Motion occurring between joint articular surfaces
Convex-concave joint relationship Improves fit (congruency) and stability Properly guides motion
Fundamental movements of arthrokinematics vary Depend on whether concave articular surface is
moving on a fixed convex surface or vice versa
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Arthrokinematics: Fundamental Movements between Joint Surfaces Roll
Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface Ex: a tire rotating across a stretch of
pavement Slide
Single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface Ex: a stationary tire skidding across a
stretch of icy pavementMosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Arthrokinematics: Fundamental Movements between Joint Surfaces – cont’d
Spin Single point on one articular
surface rotates on a single point on another articular surfacee.g., rotating toy top spinning on one spot on the floor
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Arthrokinematics: Mechanics and Functional Considerations Roll-and-slide mechanics Roll–and–opposite-direction slide maintains
articular stability To maintain firm surface contact, motion must
be accompanied by slide in same direction Spin mechanics
Spin always occurs about a central longitudinal axis of rotation
Functional considerations Motion may be hindered by issues like
impingement syndrome
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Kinetics
Branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the body
Force “Push or pull” that can produce,
modify, or halt a movement Internal force is generated within the body
External force is generated outside the body
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Kinetics: Torque
Torque is the rotational equivalent of force Amount generated across a joint depends
on: Amount of force exerted Distance between force and axis of
rotation (moment arm) Internal torques are generated internally
(ex: muscle) External torques are generated externally
(ex: gravity)Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Kinetics: Biomechanical Levers
First-class lever Similar to a see-saw; fulcrum located
between internal and external force Second-class levers
Axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever; internal moment arm always longer than the external moment arm
Third-class levers Axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever;
internal moment arm always smaller than the external moment arm
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Kinetics: Line of Pull Line of pull describes the direction of muscular force
Medial-lateral axis of rotation Bony motion anterior of the sagittal plane
Anterior-posterior axis of rotation Lateral motion pulls bone laterallyMedial motion pulls bone medially
Vertical axis of rotation Anterior or medial pull produces inward rotationPosterior or lateral pull produces rotation away
from the midline
Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Homework
Read Chapter 2: Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA prior to Tuesday 01/24/12 lecture at 9am.
Prepare for Quiz – 9am 01/24/12 (covering Chapters 1 and 2 of Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA)
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