Lecture Week 6
description
Transcript of Lecture Week 6
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Lecture Week 6
Prof. Dwight ReadAnthropology 131
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In Group , Out GroupFor their to be an in-group, there must be an out-group,That is, a conceptual structure of opposition.
persons
Group Other
Phenomenological
Property A Not Property A
Ideational
persons
Group
Property A
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Opposition
• Can express opposition with “not”: X has property A, Y does not have property A
• Some semantically labeled oppositions arise from the nature of things: day/night, man/woman (not day = night, not man = woman)
• Some oppositions are constructed when “not A” is diffuse and not specific: good/evil (many ways to be “not good”), boss/worker
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Constructed Opposition
Concept: “Us”
Property A
Property B
Concept “Other” Property not A
Property not B
Concept “Not Us”(diffuse)
Us Them
Property AProperty B
Property not AProperty not B
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Link Oppositions by Analogy
B/~BA/~A
B
~B
::A
~A
A
~A
B
~B
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Exampleman/woman nature/culture
or
woman : man :: nature : culture
man : woman :: nature : culture
man woman
nature culture
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Waorani (Ecuador)
Waorani“the people”
Cowodeoutsiderscannibals
kill on sight
Binary opposition
Waranirelation not known
Guirinanirelation known
sharegeneralized reciprocity
quimarriageablecross cousins
“consanguines”not marriageableparallel cousins
arrange marriages
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Egalitarian (no political positions)
• Situational leadership (no recognized leadership position)
• Individual responsibility • Individual autonomy (including children)
-- individual can’t be forced to do what he or she does not want to do
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Male/Female Opposition
Waorani“the people”
MaleHunt
Fell treesClear garden plots“revenge” killing
Yaede waepo‘pregnant father’
Taboos:Cannot touch poison
Keep ‘pregnant-causing’ penis and urine out of fishing streams
FemaleGather
Carry waterGardenweeding
Food preparation
Pregnancy taboos:Cannot make poisons for fishing
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Patrilineal Descent GroupReference male
Patrilineal Descent Group: All persons who can trace back to reference male through father links
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Matrilineal Descent GroupReference female
Matrilineal Descent Group: All persons who can trace back to reference female through mother links
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Descent Groups
• Social unit composed of several families• Corporate Group -- own resources in
common• Corporate authority is vested in males• Care and upbringing of children
assigned to women• Usually exogamous marriage
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Family Formation (Patrilineal Groups)
Patrilineal Descent Groups
authority
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Family Formation (Matrilineal Groups)
Matrilineal Descent Groups
authority
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Patrilineal Lineages• Residence: Typically, patrilineal lineages are
patrilocal• Inheritance: Sons inherit from fathers (daughters do
not inherit)• Consistent system in terms of lineage structure and
authority (within generation), residence (spatial location) and inheritance (across generation)
• Husband + wife is the smallest reproductive unit and the smallest possible lineage unit; it is easy to form new lineages
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Patrilineal Lineages (cont’d)
• In-marrying wife is “alienated” from her natal group; she may not have any close relatives in her new group
• She is initially in a subordinate position, but gains authority through her sons and their in marrying wives (she has authority over her daughter-in-laws)
• In terms of gender sexual identity, a woman tends to be seen as providing the “fertile ground” on which the male seed may grow
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Matrilineal Lineages• Residence: No typical pattern• Inheritance: Sons inherit from mother’s brother
(daughters do not inherit)• Not a consistent system in terms of lineage structure
and authority (within generation), residence (spatial location) and inheritance (across generation)
• Husband + wife + wife’s brother is the smallest possible lineage unit; it is more difficult to form new lineages
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Matrilineal Lineages (cont’d)
• Female --> wife: she is not “alienated” from her natal group;
• Husband is in subordinate position, in terms of family structure and lineage authority
• In terms of gender sexual identity, a woman tends to be seen as the source of fertility and of life, male role is downplayed
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Matrilineal Lineages: Issue of Authority
=
Wife’s lineage
Husband’s lineage
Reference ancestress
=
Authority
?
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Male Authority
• Male has authority over children by virtue of being the father (genitor)
• Male has authority over children by virtue of lineage membership (lineage based authority)
• Patrilineages: a singe male may exercise both kinds of authority
• Matrilineage: authority is potentially split between two males: genitor and mother’s brother
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Conflict Resolution and Feuds
• Resolve conflict through close kinship relations (ostracization)
• Factions (distant kin) can lead to feuds• Feud are with the qui group (potential affines)• Feud began around 1900, continued until
1958 (41% of deaths due to feud killings)• Feud involves four hostile groups
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Beginning of Hierarchy: 1958 - 1978
waorani
missionaries
Dove (female)
Gatekeepers
Kin ties
marriage
Resources: western goods, markets, jobs, medicine
Quichua
Alternative cultureSocial institutions
Religious ideology
cowode