Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University

Worth Publishers

Waking Consciousness

Consciousness our awareness

of ourselves and our environments

Sleep and Dreams

Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations

Circadian Rhythm

the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on

a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

Premenstrual Syndrome

Premenstrual Menstrual IntermenstrualMenstrual phase

Actual Recalled mood

3

2

1

Negative moodscore

Recalled mood isworse than

earlier reported

Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep

recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”

muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of

consciousness

Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages

Alpha Waves slow waves of a

relaxed, awake brain

Delta Waves large, slow waves

of deep sleep Hallucinations

false sensory experiences

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

3

2

1

Sleepstages

Awake

Hours of sleep

REM

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

Hours of sleep

Minutesof Stage 4 and REM

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

10

15

20

25

5

Decreasing Stage 4

Increasing REM

Sleep Deprivation

Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired

concentration depressed immune

system greater

vulnerability to accidents

Sleep Deprivation

2,400

2,700

2,600

2,500

2,800

Spring time change(hour sleep loss)

3,600

4,200

4000

3,800

Fall time change(hour sleep gained)

Less sleep,more accidents

More sleep,fewer accidents

Monday before time change Monday after time change

Accident frequency

Sleep Disorders Insomnia

persistent problems in falling or staying asleep

Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks

Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings

Night Terrors and Nightmares

Night Terrors occur within 2 or

3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4

high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

3

2

1

Sleepstages

Awake

Hours of sleep

REM

Dreams: Freud

Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and

thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering

Dreams: Freud

Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable

feelings Manifest Content

remembered story line Latent Content

underlying meaning

Dreams

As Information Processing helps facilitate memories

REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM

sleep deprivation

Sleep Across the Lifespan

Hypnosis Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one

experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

Hypnosis Unhypnotized

persons can also do this

Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965)

control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same

acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion

suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Hypnosis

Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to

occur simultaneously with others

Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized

subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

Explaining Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions

and mood Physical Dependence

physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and Addiction

Tolerance diminishing effect

with regular use

Withdrawal discomfort and

distress that follow discontinued use

Small Large

Drug dose

Littleeffect

Bigeffect

Drugeffect

Response tofirst exposure

After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs

Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting)

drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD

Psychoactive Drugs

Barbiturates drugs that depress the

activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs

Opiates opium and its derivatives

(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural

activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs

Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural

activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs

Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks

LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild

hallucinations

Psychoactive Drugs

Trends in Drug Use

1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year

80%

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

High schoolseniors

reportingdrug use

Alcohol

Marijuana/hashish

Cocaine

Perceived Marijuana Risk

‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year

100%

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentof

twelfthgraders

Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use

Used marijuana

Near-Death Experiences

Near-Death Experience an altered state of

consciousness reported after a close brush with death

often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences

Dualism the presumption that mind and

body are two distinct entities that interact

Monism the presumption that mind and

body are different aspects of the same thing