Ch. 7 Sec. 3-4 Social Impact of Industrial Revolution and Reform.
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Transcript of Ch. 7 Sec. 3-4 Social Impact of Industrial Revolution and Reform.
Ch. 7 Sec. 3-4
Social Impact of Industrial Revolution and Reform
Social Ills Poverty, dangerous working conditions,
unsafe, unsanitary and overcrowded housing
Urbanization - the movement of people to cities Air pollution from coal vapor Noise pollution from steam engines Water pollution from factory run-off, lack of
proper sewage disposal
New Middle Class Owners and operators separate from the
industrial working class (farmers out of their environment)
Benefit most from their entrepreneurship and came from a variety of backgrounds Skilled craftsmen, rags to riches
Lived well, little sympathy for the poor Women looked after their children
Rich had maids do it Poor put theirs to work
Working Class Lived in slums Packed into tenements (multi-story buildings divided
into apartments) No sewage or sanitation system, running water Led to spread of disease
Unions illegal Secret unions led to violence
Comfort in religion Movement called Methodism
• Personal benefits of faith, adopt sober, moral ways, rekindle hope, channel anger away from revolution
Factories and Mines
No variation, rigid schedule Labor hours - 12-16 hr. shifts, 6-7 days
Permission for breaks Exhaustion led to accidents
Unsafe conditions No safety devices Poor air quality
Factories and Mines Early preference for women
Better adapt to machines, handle easier, pay less Mine conditions were even worse
Coal dust, darkness, explosions, flooding and collapsing tunnels
Child labor As young as 7 Take advantage of size, in extremely dangerous conditions First reforms in early 1800s
• 12 hour days, nobody under 8 or 9• 1840s before first serious changes for workday and ed.
Reform Eventually reformers successfully achieved
legislation that improved working conditions (wages, hours, environment) Working class men gaining the right to vote improved
political power Laissez-faire economics
Adam Smith promotes helps everyone, not just the rich Thomas Malthus -population explosion
Population outpace food supply Reforms eventually prove wrong
Reform David Ricardo’s views on wages All three believed in the unrestricted laws of the
free market for poverty control (restricted government help for the poor)
Jeremy Bentham – utilitarianism (the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number) Government should become involved in certain
circumstances (actions judged by their utility)
Reform John Stuart Mill – government should intervene
to prevent harm to citizens For example: abuse to workers Slowly accepted late 1800s, found in today’s
democratic governments
Others condemned the evils of capitalism Individual rights instead of good of society Gap between the rich and poor Radical solution………
Socialism
Community rather than private individuals own and operate the means of production Early socialists who established communities
were called Utopians, believed in goodness of human nature
• Robert Owen – New Lanark, Scotland
Karl Marx – scientific socialism (Utopians unrealistic) based on study of history
Communism Marx and Friedrich Engels teamed up to
write The Communist Manifesto Form of socialism created by class
struggle the haves and have-nots Beourgeoisie and Proletariat
Workers take control of the means of production and set up a classless society.
Reality Motivated a number of reform movements None exactly as Marx imagined
Social democracy in Germany Russian revolution – Communist government 1900s African and Latin American revolutions
turned to Marxist ideas Nationalism won out over working-class
loyalty