Industrial Revolution and Democratic Reform

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    1700-1900

    Industr

    ial

    Rev

    olut

    ion

    Any one who believes that any great enterprise of an industrial character can be started without labor

    must have little experience of life. --William Graham Sumner

    Population Growth(in millions)

    1750 1800 1850

    Great Britain 7.4 10.5 20.8France 21 27.3 35.8Germany 18 23 34Belgium 2.2 3.1 4.3Russia 28 40 68.5Europe 132 190 260

    Last summer I visited three cotton factories...and we could not remain ten

    minutes in the factory without gasping for breath. How it is possible for

    those who are doomed to remain there twelve or fifteen hours to endure

    it? If we take into account the heated temperature of the air, and the

    contamination of the air, it is a matter of astonishment to my mind, how

    the work people can bear the confinement for so great a length of

    time."--Dr. Ward

    by Kathryn Franck

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    Inventions from the

    Industrial Revolution

    Textiles Inventions: The Flying Shuttle

    John Kay

    Turned wool into cloth Spinning Jenny

    James Hargreaves Turned wool into thread

    Water Frame Richard Arkwright Used water power to run

    spinning wheels Spinning Mule

    Samuel Crompton Made stronger thread

    Sewing Machine I.M Singer Increased speed of

    sewing

    Communication Inventions: Telephone

    Alexander Graham Bell Improved communication

    Telegraph Samuel F.B Morse Improved communication

    The SettingDuring the 1700, in

    England, the Agricultural

    Revolution was just starting.

    The Agricultural Revolution

    set the stage for theIndustrial Revolution

    because of the increase in

    food and population. Other

    reasons why the Industrial

    Revolution began in England

    were because of the naturalresources they had, such as

    rivers, iron, and coal. Many

    different inventions were also

    created to improve

    production. As inventions

    came bigger and were no

    longer able to be kept in a

    house and so factories were

    made. The increase in

    population gave factoriescheap labor. Some major

    characters in the Industrial

    Revolution were the factory

    workers, the factory owners,

    and the inventors.

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    Problem:

    Long hours:

    Children had no time to be children.Also, educational time was replaced

    with work time. Many families

    hardly saw each other because of

    the early starts and late ends.

    Bad Work Conditions:

    Large machinery and unsanitary

    factories made work dangerous.

    No Job Security:When workers got hurt, factory

    owners replaced them and the

    workers had to support themselves

    without an income.

    The Problem

    Some problems with theIndustrial Revolution were

    the increase of pollutionand the unfair treatmentof factory workers. Also

    artisans and other skilled

    workers lost their jobsbecause factories couldmake what they could onlycheaper. Factory workers

    worked long hours and inhorrible conditions. Factory

    owners did not give manybreaks, even for meals.The new inventions and

    machinery in factories,

    were dangerous and

    many people were injured.Children worked infactories for long hours, in

    unsanitary environments,taking away their

    opportunity of a childhoodor education. Many workerslost limbs and were then

    replaced by factorieswithout proper

    compensation.

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    The GoalThe goal of the

    factories workers was to

    gain more rights. Theywanted to change the

    current situation at thefactories.

    The factory owners

    wanted to make money andkeep up the Britisheconomy. They wanted to

    raise their status bygetting rich off of cheap

    labour.The inventors goal was

    to improve the technology

    of the time and to benefitthe whole economy. They

    also made money off oftheir inventions.

    The British government

    wanted to sustain theeconomic boom that had

    taken place. They neededto support the growingpopulation of Britain.

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    Main AgriculturalRevolution

    Industrialization Philosophy

    theIndustrial

    Enclosure policy and croprotation increased farm

    efficiency, increasing food

    supplies.

    Large machines were kept infactories, which began to

    spring up all over England.

    Karl Marx and FriedrichEngels came up with the idea

    of socialism and communism

    Revolution New inventions were comingout, improving farming.

    The Increase in production

    required more laborers, leading

    to the employment of womenand children.

    Adam Smith supported

    capitalism in the government

    and wrote The Wealth ofNations.

    The increase of food in turn

    increased the population.

    Unions were formed to enforce

    reforms and change how

    work conditions were.

    Unions were first banned by the

    English government because the

    government did not want any riotsor violent protests. However,

    because of their popularity among

    workers, the government could no

    longer stop unions from forming.

    The EventsMost inventions were made

    during the Agricultural

    revolution, right before the

    Industrial Revolution. The

    inventions made the way for

    the Industrial Revolution.During the Industrial

    Revolution, transportation

    improved, such as the finishing

    a railroad that connected the

    main citied of England.

    Industrialization also spread

    to other European countriesand the United States.

    People began to think

    about the best way to run a

    government due to the rapid

    changes. Philosophers like

    Adam Smith, Karl Marx andFriedrich Engels came up with

    different structures, socialism

    and capitalism.

    Unions were formed to help

    the workers to become more

    represented in their needs.

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    The EndingThe formation of Unions brought about

    many needed reforms. Working conditions

    were reformed, making things safer and

    with more reasonable hours. Along withwork related reforms, slavery was

    abolished in England.The economy in England and all over

    the world had prospered greatly.Population increased everywhere as well.A middle class was formed and the

    wealth in a nation became more evenlydistributed.

    Life was changed by the IndustrialRevolution. Sanitation and housing were

    improved by the end of the Revolution.Overall the Industrial Revolution

    increased wealth around the world,

    however, unindustrialized countries fellfar behind the industrialized nations.

    Reform Acts in England

    The Factory Act of 1833 Children had to be older than 9 to work infactories. 9-12 year olds could work 8

    hours. 13-17 year olds could work 12 hours.

    The Mine Acts of 1842 Women and children could not workunderground.

    The Ten Hours Act of 1847 Women and children in factories could onlywork 10 hour days.

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    1815-1914

    Dem

    ocra

    tic

    R

    eform

    The ballot is stronger than the bullet. --Abraham Lincoln

    The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter. -- WinstonChurchill

    A democracy, that is, a government of all the people, by all the people,

    for all the people; of course, a government after the principles of eternal

    justice, the unchanging law of God; for shortness sake, I will call it the

    idea of freedom.--Theodore Parker

    Theodore ParkerWinston Churchill

    Abraham Lincoln

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    Entertainment became a far more

    personal thing in the days ofthe democratic reform. Mass

    culture, or entertainment for the

    public, increased. New inventions

    helped with the spread of

    leisure activities.

    The SettingThe British Empire had

    conquered many different

    countries and wasexpanding rapidly. The

    British people wantedsuffrage for all, womenespecially fought for

    suffrage. The beginning ofdemocratic reform wasduring the Victorian Age,

    when Victoria was thequeen of England. In

    France, democracy was alsoa rising form ofgovernment. Europe, as a

    whole, was becoming veryAnti-Semitic. As the

    British Empire grew, so diddemocracy. Conquered areas,like Canada, New Zealand,

    Australia and Ireland allexperienced a turn towards

    a more democraticgovernment. Meanwhile, inthe United States, Civil War

    erupted.

    The Democratic reformcleared the way for moreinventions andentertainment like sports.

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    The Problem

    The British Governmentdid not want to give rights

    to everyone because thenthe influence would be gonefrom the educated and

    wealthy. At the time,people believed that women

    should not be involved inpolitics.

    In Canada, there were

    problems between the

    French and the Englishsettlers and who hadcontrol over the other.

    In New Zealand and

    Australia, there were

    conflicts with the native

    people of the countries andthe settlers.

    During the Civil War,the southerners and the

    northerners held differentviews on slavery.

    American expansion leadto problems among thenatives and other

    European countries thathad colonized there.

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    The GoalThe goal was to gain

    suffrage and equality for

    all. Women were tired ofbeing mistreated because of

    gender.The goal of the

    countries that broke away

    from England was to makea democratic governmentand rule themselves.

    Ireland wanted to ridthemselves of their

    English oppressors. Theywanted home rule. Duringthe Civil War, the

    Northerners wantedslavery to be abolished but

    the Southerners thoughtthat they needed slavesfor their economy.

    When America wanted toexpand, their goal was

    that they believed theywere required to move westand colonize. The goal was

    to gain land and wealth

    as well.

    The Northern states did not

    approve of slavery however theSoutherners were sure that it was

    necessary for their economy. When

    the Northern states said that

    slavery needed to be abolished,

    several Southern state seceded and

    formed the Confederate states. The

    Northern states formed the Union.After a shooting on a Union fort,

    the American Civil War started. The

    Emancipation Proclamation helped

    abolish slavery and reunite the

    states.

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    British Empire

    Canada

    Canada wanted to have home rule,

    or the ability for a country to

    govern themselves but be apart of

    the Empire.

    New Zealand andAustralia

    New Zealand and

    Australia wanted

    home rule as

    well. The Maori were the nativepeople in New Zealand and there

    were land conflicts between the

    Europeans and the Native People in

    both New Zealand and Australia.

    Ireland

    The Irish

    people resented

    the British

    because of theirlong history of

    the British ruling over the Irish.

    The Irish demanded freedom but

    World War I prevented the British

    empire from freeing them. Also the

    British empire was concerned for

    the Protestants in Northern

    The EventsSuffrage was continued

    to be fought for andgained around the world.

    Different colonies brokeoff from the British

    Empire to become dominionsor independent countries.

    The American Civil Wartook place over the issueof slavery. The Northern

    states won and all thestates were reunited.

    Americans believed thatthey needed to expand intothe west of North

    America. Through warsand treaties, much of the

    western land was gained.

    New states continued tojoin America, increasing its

    size and power.As America grew in

    strength, the need for

    entertainment grew aroundthe world. New inventions

    came along that improved

    entertainment such as thephonograph or the motion

    picture camera. Leisureactivities were no longer

    only for the wealthy, butfor all the public.

    Inventions, Scientific Advances and New

    Ideology of the 19th Century

    Light Bulb: Thomas Edison

    Phonograph: Thomas EdisonAirplane: The Wright Brothers

    Motion Picture: Thomas Edison

    Assembly Line: Henry Ford

    Radioactivity: Marie Curie

    Germ Theory of Disease: Louis Pasteur

    Theory of Evolution: Charles Darwin

    Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud

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    The EndingWomen gained suffrage and

    voting requirements wereloosened, making it possiblefor more men to vote aswell.

    All the countries thatwanted home rule gained it.

    However, Ireland ended upsplitting because of theBritish governments

    concern for theProtestants, of Northern

    Ireland, since Ireland was

    mainly Catholic.At the end of the Civil

    War, slavery was abolishedand America reunited.

    America continued to expand

    into the western part ofNorth America. Technology

    increased as the spread ofpeople increased.The expansion of

    America made it the sizethat it is today and made

    America a leading power

    back then and now.The idea of mass culture

    and the need forentertainment started at

    the end of the DemocraticReform Era.

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    Bibliography

    "Industrial Quotes - BrainyQuote." Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote. Brainy Quote. Web. 30 Oct. 20 .Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, and Dahia I. Shabaka.Modern World History Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2007. Print."Factory Pollution." Spartacus Educational. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. .Halsall, Paul. "Internet History Sourcebooks." FORDHAM.EDU. Aug. 1997. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. ."Democracy Quotes - BrainyQuote."Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. ."Democracy Quotes."Notable Quotes. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. ."Flickr: Creative Commons." Photo Sharing. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. .

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