Ch. 18 revolutions of industrialization
Transcript of Ch. 18 revolutions of industrialization
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Chapter 18Revolutions of
Industrialization c. 1750-1914
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“There are few greater revolutions in human experience than the movement from the seasonal or ‘temporary’ hour to the equal hour. Here was man’s declaration of independence from the sun, new proof of his mastery over himself and his surroundings. Only later would it be revealed that he had accomplished this mastery by putting himself under the dominion of a machine with imperious demands all its own.”
-Historian Daniel Boorstin
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Two “Revolutions”c. 1750-1850 c. 1870-1914
TextilesSteam engineIronRailroadsGlassmakingChemicals
ElectricityCombustion Steel (Bessemer)
TelephoneFilmChemicals
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Why Europe?1. Competition between states
(fragmentation good?)
2. Innovations rewarded (patents)ruler/merchant alliance
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Why Great Britain?
Possessed key factors of production
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Transportation and markets
Resources
Stable Government and banks
Labor Force
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Capitalisman economic and political system in
which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit,
rather than by the state
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The Textile Industry
Wool or Cotton
CardingSpinning
Weaving
***Cottage Industry couldn’t keep up with demand
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The First Factories
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~1765 the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame
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output and location dependent on power source
1787 - Edmund Cartwright’sPower Loom
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Looms in the UK1803 = 2,400 1857 = 250,000
English cotton imports to be spun (pounds)1760=2,500,0001787=22,000,000
1840=366,000,000
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Energy Sources: Plants, Animals, and Humans
a new source of power!
Coal
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James Watt1769: 1st Efficient
Steam Engine
Effects of the steam engine?
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The Iron Industry
------------------------------------
1780s Henry Cort’s
Puddling Furnace
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English Iron Production
1740 = 17,000 tons
1788 = 68,000 tons
1844 = 3,000,000 tons
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1830 George Stephenson’s LocomotiveEffects of the railroad?
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“Workshop of the World”1860 England produced 20% of the world’s industrial goods
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British
Queen Victoria
(1819-1901)r. 1837-1901
Victorian Era
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Industrialization spread to continental Europe and beyond with
government support (direct and indirect)
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Transformation of Society
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Total British Population
17809,000,000
1851 20,000,000+
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Manchester, England (Cotton Industry)20,000 residents in 1750
400,000 residents in 1850
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Changing Working and Living Conditions
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Declining influence
of the landed
Aristocracy
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Middle Class Bourgeoisie
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The Industrial Laboring Classes
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Working Conditions Shift Work, More Discipline, Less Freedom, Hot, Dirty,
Dangerous, Long Hours, Low Pay
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Luddites Smashed Machines they felt were putting them out of work
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Congested, Dirty, Unhealthy citiesNo parks or yards, open sewers, trash, inadequate
disposal of waste (dunghills)
Cities of 100,000 or More
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Gustave Doré
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Diseases Spread Quickly
More people die prematurely in a
city than the countryside
Constant flow of newcomers kept populations high
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In industrial England life expectancy never averaged over 30 years old
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Worker Unions (collective bargaining)better pay, conditions, and the vote
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British avoided massive revolution though slow reform
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Socialism• Free market capitalists is destructive• Cooperation and community• More govt regulation of the
economy•Income redistribution
–rich and poor more equal
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Social Reformer and Industrialist Robert Owen
(1771-1858)
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1820s New Harmony, IN
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1848 Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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• Eliminate Classes–Bourgeoisie (middle class oppressors)–Proletariat (exploited working class)
• Abuse of the worker = historic inevitability of Violent Revolution
• Govt control of industry
Marxist Socialism(Communism)
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Anti-Capitalist Propaganda
1911
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Why did Marxism fail to gain widespread support
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Comparing the Spread of Industrialism
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USARussiaLatin America
Successes
Why
Failures
Why
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Industrialism in the USA
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Huge corporations and innovation = Mass industrialization
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Class conflict, but no large socialist movement (why not?)
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Russian Empire 1800sNo parliamentNo political partiesHarsh serfdom (until 1861)Favored landed nobility
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After embarrassing Crimean War Russian govt promoted industry
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New industrial-classes became politically frustrated and radical
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1905 Russian Revolution (Bloody Sunday)
led to some reforms
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Duma (parliament)
formed, but twice dissolved
by Tsar Nicholas II
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Future troubles…
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Post Independence Latin America
Many Problems
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Economic declineSlow to industrialize
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Rise of caudillos
(military strongmen)
and political
instabilityAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna of Mexico
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Internal and External Wars
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1910-1920 Mexican Revolutionuniversal suffrage and land redistribution
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
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Increased raw
material exports
improved many
nationsMany Europeans immigrated chasing a “better life”
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Rapid Urbanization
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Racial Inequality
Why race in Brazil is a confusing, loaded topic.wmv
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Is Industrialism good for workers? For society?
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Is industrialization is the biggest thing since the Neolithic Revolution?