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Ch. 13.3: Genetically Engineered Organisms Objectives: 1.Describe how biologists genetically modify...
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Transcript of Ch. 13.3: Genetically Engineered Organisms Objectives: 1.Describe how biologists genetically modify...
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Ch. 13.3: Genetically Engineered Organisms
Objectives:
1. Describe how biologists genetically modify plants and animals.
2. Explain a technique used to clone animals.
3. Summarize the GMO controversy
Vocabulary G.M.O. Transgenic
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Selective Breeding: Old School Genetic Engineering indirect manipulation of DNA select parents with desirable traits create “better” individual oldest way to improve a species breed cats, dogs, horses, trees, mice
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Selective Breeding: Methods1. Inbreeding
- to maintain traits in a population- mate parents with similar genomes- keeps desirable traits, but increases risks for undesirable mutations (illness/disease)
2. Outbreeding (Hybridization)- Crossing of distantly related organisms- offspring sterile but hardier (hybrid vigor)- ex. Mule, hybrid corn, ligers, etc.
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Genetic Engineering
Direct manipulation of DNA- cutting and pasting of genes- design organisms or create transgenic organisms
Creates a transgenic organism- organism with foreign DNA or rDNA
Genetically Modified Organism = GMOAny organism that has acquired genes by artifical means.
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Genetic Engineering: Basic Steps
1. Isolate desired DNA sequence Restriction enzymes cut and remove DNA sequences.
2. Attach desired DNA to a VECTORLigase binds DNA fr. different sources.
Vector = bacteria plasmid or virus that will carry recombinant DNA to host.
3. Cloning: Host organisms transcribes and translates desired DNA sequence. Makes MANY COPIES of enzyme or protein.
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Creating Plant GMOs Applications
Insert genes for:
natural insecticides
Pesticides
Growing larger fruits/bigger flowers
Increase “nutrient” content.
Common in soybeans, rice, corn, wheat
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Creating Animial GMOs
Applications
Bigger cattle, leaner meat
More milk production
Better wool production
Have animals produce human proteins to treat disorders.
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Animal ClonesSteps
1. Remove nucleus fr. Egg.
2. Replace nucleus w/ nucleus (and chromosomes) fr. a somatic cell
3. Shock w/ electricity to stimulate cell division
4. Place embryo in surrogate female for gestation.
Sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, pigs, etc.
Problems: advanced aging and cancer in clones.
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GMO Controversy
Pros: New genes can improve crops or animals.
Cons: Could GMOs be harmful to us?
New allergies? Cancer/illness?Not many studies. Not regulated.Economic concerns
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Cloning & Stem Cell Controversy
Stem cells = undifferentiated cells that can turn into any type of cell (nervous, cardiac, skin, etc.)
Could be used to treat a host of illness/disease
Repair damaged spinal cord tissue
Replace damaged cardiac muscle
Sources: Embryos; Adult cells: bone marrow and cord blood (Embryos have the most promise/potential)
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Therapeutic Cloning
Use embryonic stem cells to create specialized human cells.
Goal: Cure disease
Embryo does not develop into a human.
Allowed in U.S. (state by state) w/ restrictions
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Reproductive Cloning
Create a human clone.
Strictly prohibited!