Ch 10 The Muscular System

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Chapter 10*Lecture Animation PowerPoint

The Muscular System

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The Structural and Functional Organization of Muscles

• About 600 human skeletal muscles• Constitute about half of our body weight• Three kinds of muscle tissue

– Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

• Specialized for one major purpose– Converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical

energy of motion

• Myology—the study of the muscular system

10-2

The Functions of Muscles

• Movement– Move from place to place, movement of body parts and

body contents in breathing, circulation, feeding and digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth

– Role in communication: speech, writing, nonverbal communications

• Stability– Maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements– Antigravity muscles: resist pull of gravity and prevent us

from falling or slumping over– Stabilize joints

10-3

The Functions of Muscles

• Control of openings and passageways– Sphincters: internal muscular rings that control the

movement of food, bile, blood, and other materials within the body

• Heat production by skeletal muscles– As much as 85% of our body heat

• Glycemic control– Regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal

range

10-4

Connective Tissues of a MuscleCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Skeletalmuscle

Perimysium

Endomysium

(a)

Musclefascicle

Perimysium

Epimysium

NerveBlood vessels

Muscle fiber

Tendon

Fascia

Muscle fiber

Muscle fascicle

10-5

Figure 10.1a

Connective Tissues and Fascicles• Endomysium

– Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

– Allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber

– Provides extracellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending

• Perimysium– Slightly thicker layer of connective tissue– Fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium– Carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors

10-6

Connective Tissues and Fascicles• Epimysium

– Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle– Outer surface grades into the fascia– Inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form

perimysium

• Fascia– Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles

or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

10-7

Fascicles and Muscle Shapes

Figure 10.2

• Strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles

FusiformParallel

T riangularUnipennate

BipennateMultipennate

Circular

Biceps brachiiRectus abdominis

Pectoralis majorPalmar interosseous

Rectus femorisDeltoid

Orbicularis oculi

Tendon

Tendon

Belly


10-8

Muscle Compartments

• A group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia

• Contains nerves, blood vessels that supply the muscle group– Thoracic, abdominal walls, pelvic floor, limbs

• Intermuscular septa separate one compartment from another10-9

Figure 10.3

Anterior

Lateral Medial

Posterior

Key

Posterior compartment,superficial layer

Posterior compartment,deep layer

Lateral compartment

Anterior compartmentSubcutaneousfat

Fasciae

Intermuscularsepta

Artery, veins,and nerve

Interosseousmembrane

FibulaTibia


Muscle Attachments

• Indirect attachment to bone– Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony

attachment• Collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue

into the tendon• From there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone• Very strong structural continuity from muscle to bone• Biceps brachii, Achilles tendon• Aponeurosis—tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar

aponeurosis)• Retinaculum—connective tissue band that tendons from

separate muscles pass under

10-10

Ex. Palmar Aponeurosis

Muscle Origins and Insertions

• Origin– Bony attachment at

stationary end of muscle

• Belly– Thicker, middle region of

muscle between origin and insertion

• Insertion– Bony attachment to

mobile end of muscleFigure 10.4

Scapula

Bellies

RadiusInsertion

Humerus

UlnaInsertion

Origins Origins

Long head

Extensors:

Lateral head

Flexors:Biceps brachii

Brachialis


Triceps brachii

10-12

Muscle Origin and Insertions

• Also can be determined by proximal or distal or superior and inferior attachments, especially on limbs (nontraditional)

• Some muscles insert not on bone but on the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis– Distal tendon of the biceps brachii inserts on the fascia of

the forearm– Facial muscles insert in the skin

10-13

Functional Groups of Muscles

• Action—the effects produced by a muscle– To produce or prevent movement

• Four categories depending on action– Prime mover (agonist)

• Muscle that produces most of force during a joint action– Synergist: muscle that aids the prime mover

• Stabilizes the nearby joint• Modifies the direction of movement

10-14


Cont.– Antagonist: opposes the prime mover

• Relaxes to give prime mover control over an action• Preventing excessive movement and injury• Antagonistic pairs—muscles that act on opposite sides of a

joint

– Fixator: muscle that prevents movement of bone

10-15


• Prime mover—brachialis

• Synergist—biceps brachii

• Antagonist—triceps brachii

• Fixator—muscle that holds scapula firmly in place– Rhomboids

Figure 10.4

Scapula

Bellies

RadiusInsertion

Humerus

UlnaInsertion

Origins Origins

Extensors:

Lateral head

Flexors:Biceps brachii

Brachialis


Long headTriceps brachii

10-16

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles

• Intrinsic muscles—entirely contained within a region, such as the hand– Both its origin and

insertion there

• Extrinsic muscles—act on a designated region, but has its origin elsewhere– Fingers: extrinsic

muscles in the forearm

Figure 10.28b

Figure 10.31a

(b) Intermediate flexor

Flexordigitorumsuperficialis

Flexorpollicis longus

FlexordigitorumsuperficialistendonsFlexordigitorumprofundustendons

Commonflexortendon

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor pollicisbrevis

Adductorpollicis

Tendon of flexordigitorum superficialis

Tendon of flexordigitorum profundus

Abductor pollicislongus

Palmaris longus

Flexor digitorumsuperficialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor retinaculum

Abductor digitiminimi

Flexor digiti

Lumbricals

Opponensdigiti minimi

Tendon sheath

Flexor pollicislongus

Flexor carpiradialis

Tendon of flexor pollicis longus

First dorsalinterosseous

Tendons of:T endons of:

(a) Palmar aspect, superficial



10-17

Muscle Innervation

• Innervation of a muscle—refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it– Enables the diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem

injuries from their effects on muscle function

• Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord– Emerge through intervertebral foramina– Immediately branch into a posterior and anterior ramus– Innervate muscles below the neck– Plexus: weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to the

vertebral column

10-18

Neuromuscular JunctionHigh Magnification

Skeletal muscle fiber Axon of motor nerve Motor end plate

Muscle Innervation

• Cranial nerves arise from the base of the brain– Emerge through skull foramina– Innervate the muscles of the head and neck– Numbered CN I to CN XII

10-20

Blood Supply

• Muscular system receives about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest (one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart)

• During heavy exercise total cardiac output rises and the muscular system’s share is more than three-quarters (11.6 L/min)

• Capillaries branch extensively through the endomysium to reach every muscle fiber

10-21

The Muscular System

Figure 10.5b


Figure 10.5a

Semispinalis capitis

Levator scapulae

Rhomboideus minorRhomboideus major

Infraspinatus

Internal abdominal oblique

Erector spinae

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum (cut)

Serratus posterior inferior

Serratus anterior

Supraspinatus

Splenius capitis

Gluteus minimus

Lateral rotators

Triceps brachii (cut)

External abdominal oblique

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsiExtensor carpiradialis longusand brevisExternal abdominaloblique

Iliotibial band

Soleus (cut)

Deltoid (cut)Teres minor

Triceps brachii

Gluteus maximus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Calcaneal tendon

(b) Posterior view

Sternocleidomastoid

Occipitalis

Infraspinatus

Fibularis longus

Flexor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

Gastrocnemius (cut)

Teres major

Adductormagnus

Iliotibial band

Biceps femoris

SemitendinosusSemimembranosus

Gluteus mediusExtensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

Deep Superficial

Biceps femoris

Gracilis

Frontalis

Orbicularis oculiMasseter

Orbicularis oris

Trapezius

External abdominaloblique

Pronator quadratus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Adductor longus

Rectus abdominis

Serratus anterior

Sternocleidomastoid

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Sartorius

Tensorfasciae latae

Rectus femoris

Fibularis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Zygomaticus major

Vastus lateralis

GracilisVastus intermedius

Adductors

Extensor digitorumlongus

Supinator

Flexor digitorumprofundusFlexor pollicis longus

Transverse abdominal

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

Platysma

Flexor carpi radialis

(a) Anterior view

Vastus medialis

Pectoralis minor

Internal abdominaloblique

DeepSuperficial

Vastus lateralis


10-22

The Human Muscular SystemPlease view the photographs of the human muscular system in the slides beyond this point. Look for muscles you have identified in the cat. Compare the anatomy of the human with the anatomy of the cat. Think about how they compare. How are they the same? How are they different? What is the reason for these differences?

You will not be tested on the photographs.

MasseterMasseterorigin

insertion

Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing• Hyoid muscles—suprahyoid group• Aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing• Eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with hyoid bone • Digastric—opens mouth widely• Geniohyoid—depresses mandible• Mylohyoid—elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing• Stylohyoid—elevates hyoid

Figure 10.11a

Levator scapulae

Sternocleidomastoid

Digastric:Anterior bellyPosterior belly

StylohyoidMylohyoid

SternohyoidOmohyoid:

Suprahyoidgroup

Infrahyoidgroup

(a) Anterior view

Hyoid bone

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Clavicle

Thyrohyoid

Superior bellyInferior belly

Superficial Deep

InfrahyoidgroupSternothyroid


10-25

Suprahyoid Group - DigastricSuprahyoid Group - Digastric

OriginAnterior Belly

OriginPosterior Belly

Suprahyoid Group - GeniohyoidSuprahyoid Group - Geniohyoid

origin

insertion

Suprahyoid Group - MylohyoidSuprahyoid Group - Mylohyoid

origin

insertion

Suprahyoid Group - StylohyoidSuprahyoid Group - Stylohyoid

insertion

origin

Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing• Hyoid muscles—infrahyoid group• Fix hyoid bone from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth• Omohyoid—depresses hyoid after elevation• Sternohyoid—depresses hyoid after elevation• Thyrohyoid—depresses hyoid and elevates larynx• Sternothyroid—depresses larynx after elevation

Figure 10.11b 10-30

Stylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Mylohyoid

Digastric(anterior belly)

Hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid(superior belly)

Sternothyroid

Sternohyoid

(b) Lateral view

Digastric (posterior belly)

Splenius capitis

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Levator scapulae

Scalenes

Omohyoid (inferior belly)


Infrahyoid Group - OmohyoidInfrahyoid Group - Omohyoid

Infrahyoid Group - OmohyoidInfrahyoid Group - Omohyoid

origin

insertion

Infrahyoid Group - SternohyoidInfrahyoid Group - Sternohyoid

Infrahyoid Group - SternohyoidInfrahyoid Group - Sternohyoid

origin - clavicle

insertion - hyoid

Infrahyoid Group -ThyrohyoidInfrahyoid Group -Thyrohyoid

Infrahyoid Group -ThyrohyoidInfrahyoid Group -Thyrohyoid

insertion

Infrahyoid Group - SternothyroidInfrahyoid Group - Sternothyroid

Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing

• Pharynx: three pairs pharyngeal constrictors – Encircle pharynx forming a muscular funnel– During swallowing, drive food into the esophagus

Figure 10.9

Genioglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Posterior belly of digastric (cut)

Stylohyoid

Superior pharyngeal constrictor (cut)

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Hyoglossus

Hyoid bone

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Mylohyoid (cut)

Geniohyoid

Esophagus

Inferior longitudinalmuscle of tongue

Larynx


Trachea

10-38

Muscles Acting on the Head

• Neck flexors– Sternocleidomastoid– Scalenes

• Neck extensors– Trapezius– Splenius capitis– Semispinalis capitis

10-39

Figure 10.12


Superior nuchal line

Semispinalis capitis

Sternocleidomastoid

Longissimus capitisLongissimus cervicis

Trapezius

Neck Flexor - SternocleidomastoidNeck Flexor - Sternocleidomastoid

Neck Flexor - SternocleidomastoidNeck Flexor - Sternocleidomastoid

origin

insertion

Neck Extensor - TrapeziusNeck Extensor - Trapezius

TrapeziusTrapezius

origins

insertions

DiaphragmDiaphragm

External IntercostalsExternal Intercostals

External IntercostalsExternal Intercostalsorigins insertions

Internal IntercostalsInternal Intercostals

Lateral Abdominal MusclesLateral Abdominal MusclesExternal abdominal

obliqueInternal abdominal

obliqueTransverse abdominis

External Abdominal ObliqueExternal Abdominal Oblique

inguinal ring

Internal Abdominal Oblique & Internal Abdominal Oblique & Transversus AbdominisTransversus Abdominis

Rectus AbdominisRectus Abdominis

Rectus AbdominisRectus AbdominisTendinous

intersections Linea alba insertions

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – TrapeziusTrapezius

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – TrapeziusTrapezius

origins

insertion

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Latissimus DorsiLatissimus Dorsi

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Latissimus DorsiLatissimus Dorsi

origins

insertion

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Levator ScapulaeLevator Scapulae

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Levator ScapulaeLevator Scapulae

origin

insertion

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous MajorRhomboideous Major

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous MajorRhomboideous Major

origin

insertion

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous MinorRhomboideous Minor

Superficial Back Muscles – Superficial Back Muscles – Rhomboideous MinorRhomboideous Minor

insertion

origin

Intermediate Back MuscleIntermediate Back MuscleSerratus Posterior Superior & InferiorSerratus Posterior Superior & Inferior

Deep Back Muscles – Deep Back Muscles – Iliocostalis of Erector SpinaeIliocostalis of Erector Spinae

Deep Back Muscles – Deep Back Muscles – Longissimus of Erector SpinaeLongissimus of Erector Spinae

origin insertion

Deep Back Muscles – Deep Back Muscles – Spinalis of Erector SpinaeSpinalis of Erector Spinae

origin insertion

Deep Back Muscles – Deep Back Muscles – Semispinalis ThoracisSemispinalis Thoracis

Deep Back Muscles – Deep Back Muscles – Semispinalis CapitisSemispinalis Capitis

Deep Back Muscles – Deep Back Muscles – Semispinalis CapitisSemispinalis Capitis

insertion

origin

Muscles Acting on the Shoulder and Muscles Acting on the Shoulder and the Upper Limbthe Upper Limb

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – Pectoralis MinorPectoralis Minor

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – Pectoralis MinorPectoralis Minor

insertionorigins

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – Serratus AnteriorSerratus Anterior

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – Serratus AnteriorSerratus Anterior

originsinsertion

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – TrapeziusTrapezius

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – TrapeziusTrapezius

insertions

origins

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – Levator ScapulaeLevator Scapulae

Levator Scapulaeorigin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Scapula – Muscles Acting on Scapula – Rhomboideus Major & MinorRhomboideus Major & Minor

Muscles acting on Scapula – Muscles acting on Scapula – Rhomboideus Major & MinorRhomboideus Major & Minor

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Pectoralis MajorPectoralis Major

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Pectoralis MajorPectoralis Major

origins

insertion

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Latissimus DorsiLatissimus Dorsi

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Latissimus DorsiLatissimus Dorsi

origins

insertion

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – DeltoidDeltoid

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – DeltoidDeltoid

insertion

origins

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Teres MajorTeres Major

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Teres MajorTeres Major

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – CoracobrachialisCoracobrachialis

origin

insertion

Anterior View of Cadaver Chest

Figure 10.24a

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii:

Long head

Short head

Serratus anterior

Externalabdominaloblique

(a) Anterior view


© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

10-92

Back Muscles of Cadaver

Figure 10.24b

(b) Posterior view

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Lateral head

Long head

Latissimus dorsi

Levator scapulae

Rhomboideusminor

Rhomboideusmajor

Medial borderof scapula

Teres major

Triceps brachii:

Teres minor



10-93

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff - SupraspinatusRotator Cuff - Supraspinatus

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff - InfraspinatusRotator Cuff - Infraspinatus

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff –Teres MinorRotator Cuff –Teres Minor

origininsertion

Muscles Acting on Humerus – Muscles Acting on Humerus – Rotator Cuff - SubscapularisRotator Cuff - Subscapularis

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in BrachiumBellies in Brachium - Biceps Brachii - Biceps Brachii

Long HeadLong Head

Short HeadShort Head

Principal Flexor

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in BrachiumBellies in Brachium - Biceps Brachii - Biceps Brachii

originshort head

originlong head

insertion

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in BrachiumBellies in Brachium - Brachialis - Brachialis

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in BrachiumBellies in Brachium – Triceps Brachii – Triceps Brachii

originlateral head

origin medial head

insertionoriginlonghead

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in AntebrachiumBellies in Antebrachium – Brachioradialis – Brachioradialis

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in AntebrachiumBellies in Antebrachium – Pronators – Pronators

Pronator teresPronator teres Pronator quadratusPronator quadratus

Pronator Teres

insertion

origins

Pronator Quadratus

insertionorigin

Muscles Acting on Forearm Muscles Acting on Forearm Bellies in AntebrachiumBellies in Antebrachium – Supinator – Supinator

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandAnterior CompartmentAnterior Compartment – Flexor Carpi Radialis – Flexor Carpi Radialis

insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandAnterior CompartmentAnterior Compartment – Flexor Carpi Ulnaris – Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

origin

posteriorview

insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandAnterior CompartmentAnterior Compartment

Flexor Digitorum SuperficialisFlexor Digitorum Superficialis

insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandAnterior CompartmentAnterior Compartment Palmaris Longus Palmaris Longus

Palmaris longus tendon


Flexor Digitorum ProfundusFlexor Digitorum Profundus

origin

insertions

tendons


Flexor Pollicus LongusFlexor Pollicus Longus

originsinsertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandPosterior CompartmentPosterior Compartment

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & BrevisExtensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis


Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

origin

insertion

tendon


Extensor Carpi Radialis BrevisExtensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

tendoninsertion


Extensor Carpi UlnarisExtensor Carpi Ulnaris

origininsertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandPosterior CompartmentPosterior Compartment Extensor DigitorumExtensor Digitorum

tendon insertion


Extensor Digiti MinimiExtensor Digiti Minimi

tendon insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandPosterior Compartment -deepPosterior Compartment -deep

Abductor Pollicus LongusAbductor Pollicus Longus

tendonorigin insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandPosterior Compartment -deepPosterior Compartment -deep

Extensor IndicisExtensor Indicis

tendon

origin insertion

Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandPosterior Compartment -deepPosterior Compartment -deep Extensor Pollicis LongusExtensor Pollicis Longus


Muscles Acting on Wrist and HandMuscles Acting on Wrist and HandPosterior Compartment -deepPosterior Compartment -deep Extensor Pollicis BrevisExtensor Pollicis Brevis

tendonorigin

insertion


Extensor Carpi Radialis LongusExtensor Carpi Radialis Longus


Flexor & Extensor RetinaculumFlexor & Extensor Retinaculum

flexor extensor

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Repetitive motions cause inflammation and

pressure on median nerve

Figure 10.31a

Figure 10.31b


Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicisbrevis


Adductorpollicis

Tendon of flexordigitorum superficialis

Tendon of flexordigitorum profundus

Palmaris longus


Flexor retinaculum


Flexor digitiminimi brevis

Lumbricals


Tendon sheath

Flexor pollicislongus

Flexor carpiradialis

Tendon of flexorpollicis longus

First dorsalinterosseous

Flexor carpi ulnarisAbductor pollicis longus

(a) Palmar aspect, superficial

Tendons of:Tendons of:

10-125


Tendon of extensorpollicis brevis

Abductor pollicisbrevis


Adductorpollicis

Tendon of flexor carpi radialis


Pisiform bone


Flexor digitiminimi brevis


Lumbrical

Tendon of flexordigitorumsuperficialis

(b) Palmar dissection, superficial

Thenar Group Adductor pollicis

10-126

origin insertion

Thenar Group Abductor pollicis brevis

10-127

origin insertion

Thenar Group Flexor pollicis brevis

10-128

origin insertion

Thenar Group Opponens pollicis

10-129

origin insertion

Hypothenar Group Abductor digiti minimi

10-130

origin insertion

posterior view

Hypothenar Group Flexor digiti minimi brevis

10-131

origin insertion

posterior view

Hypothenar Group Opponens digiti minimi

10-132

origin insertion

Midpalmar Group Dorsal interosseous (4) muscles

10-133

origin insertion

four muscles

Midpalmar Group Palmar interosseous (3) Muscles

10-134

origin insertion

Midpalmar Group Lumbricals (4) muscles

10-135

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Iliopsoas– Iliopsoas

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Iliacus– Iliacus

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Psoas Major– Psoas Major

origins

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Tensor Fasciae Latae– Tensor Fasciae Latae

origin

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Deep Gluteal Muscles– Deep Gluteal Muscles

maximus

medius

minimus

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gluteus Maximus– Gluteus Maximus

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gluteus Medius– Gluteus Medius

origin insertion

sciatic nerve

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gluteus Minimus– Gluteus Minimus

origin insertion

sciatic nerve

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Deep MusclesDeep Muscles

Gemelius Superior &

Inferior

Obturator Externus

Piriformis

Quadratus Femoris

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Adductor Brevis– Adductor Brevis

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Adductor Longus– Adductor Longus

origininsertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Adductor Magnus– Adductor Magnus

origin

insertions

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Gracilis– Gracilis

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur Muscles Acting on the Hip & Femur – Pectineus– Pectineus

insertion

origin

Muscles Acting on the KneeMuscles Acting on the KneeAnterior (extensor) CompartmentAnterior (extensor) Compartment

Quadricepsfemorisgroup

rectus femorisvastus lateralisvastus medialisvastus intermedius


Rectus femoris

origin


Vastus lateralisorigin

origins


Vastus medialis

origins


Vastus intermedius

origin


SartoriusSartorius

origin

insertion


Tensor fascia lata

origin

Anterior Thigh Cadaver Muscles

Figure 10.34


Tensor fasciae latae

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Iliotibial band

Quadriceps femoris:Rectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialis

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Femoral vein

Femoral artery

Pectineus

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Lateral


Medial

10-157

Long head of Biceps femoris m.

Semimembranosus m.

Semitendinosus m. Short head of Biceps femoris m.

Hamstring Group

Muscles Acting on the Muscles Acting on the KneeKnee

Posterior (flexor) Posterior (flexor) CompartmentCompartment

Muscles Acting on the KneeMuscles Acting on the KneePosterior (flexor) CompartmentPosterior (flexor) Compartment

long head

Biceps femoris

short head

SemimembranosusSemitendinosus


long head

Biceps femoris

short head

origin

insertion


Semimembranosus insertion

origin


Semitendinosus

origin

insertion


PopliteusPopliteusinsertion

Muscles Acting on the FootMuscles Acting on the FootAnterior CompartmentAnterior Compartment

ExtensorExtensor

digitorum digitorum

longuslongus

origin

insertion


ExtensorExtensor

hallicus hallicus

longuslongus

insertion

origin


Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior

origintendon

insertion

Muscles Acting on the FootMuscles Acting on the FootPosterior Compartment – sup.Posterior Compartment – sup.

GastrocnemiusGastrocnemius

insertion

originsmedial head

lateral head

Achilles tendon


SoleusSoleus

insertion

origin

Achilles tendon


Plantaris

origininsertion

Calcaneus

Muscles Acting on the FootMuscles Acting on the FootPosterior Compartment – deepPosterior Compartment – deep

Flexor Flexor digitorum digitorum

longuslongus

tendon

tendoninsertion

origin

Muscles Acting on the FootMuscles Acting on the FootPosterior Compartment – deepPosterior Compartment – deep

Tibialis Tibialis posteriorposterior

tendon

origin

insertion

Muscles Acting on the FootMuscles Acting on the FootLateral (fibular) CompartmentLateral (fibular) Compartment

Fibularis Fibularis (peroneus) (peroneus) longus & longus &

brevisbrevistendon

insertion

origin

Intrinsic Muscles of the FootDorsal Aspect

Extensor digitorum brevis

10-173

origin insertion

Intrinsic Muscles of the FootVentral Layer 1 – most superficial

Flexor digitorum brevis

10-174

origin insertion


Abductor digiti minimi

10-175

origin insertion


Abductor hallucis

10-176

origin insertion

Intrinsic Muscles of the FootVentral Layer 2

Quadratus plantae

10-177

origin insertion


Lumbricals

10-178


Adductor hallucis

10-179

origin insertion


Flexor digiti minimi brevis

10-180origin insertion


Flexor hallucis brevis


Intrinsic Muscles of the FootVentral Layer 4 - Deepest

Dorsal interosseous (4) muscles


Intrinsic Muscles of the FootVentral Layer 4 - Deepest

Plantar interosseous (3) muscles


Common Athletic Injuries• Muscles and tendons are vulnerable to

sudden and intense stress• Proper conditioning and warm-up needed• Common injuries include:

– Compartment syndrome– Shinsplints– Pulled hamstrings– Tennis elbow– Pulled groin – Rotator cuff injury

• Treat with rest, ice, compression, and elevation• “No pain, no gain” is a dangerous misconception

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Ch 10 The Muscular System

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