2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsThe muscles of the lower limbs are larger and more powerful than those of the upper limbs. These muscles can be divided into three groupsMuscles that move the thighMuscles that move the legMuscles that move the foot and toes

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the Thigh Originate on the pelvis; many are large and powerful Four groups Gluteal groupLateral rotator groupAdductor groupIliopsoas group

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the ThighThe gluteal groupGluteus maximusPosterior extension at the hipGluteus mediusAbduction at the hipGluteus minimusAbduction at the hipTensor fasciae lataeAbduction at the hip

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.16a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I

Gluteal GroupLateralRotator GroupIliac crestSacrumPiriformisSuperiorgemellusObturatorinternusInferiorgemellusQuadratusfemorisIschial tuberosityGracilisAdductormagnusSemitendinosusBiceps femoris(long head)Gluteusmaximus (cut)Gluteusmedius (cut)GluteusminimusTensor fasciaelataeGreater trochanterof femurIliotibial tractPosterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of thegluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view ofthe gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.18, and 11.19.a

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the ThighThe lateral rotator groupObturatorsLateral rotation and abduction of hipPiriformisLateral rotation and abduction of hipGemelliLateral rotation and abduction of hipQuadratus femorisLateral rotation of hip

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.16a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I

Gluteal GroupLateralRotator GroupIliac crestSacrumPiriformisSuperiorgemellusObturatorinternusInferiorgemellusQuadratusfemorisIschial tuberosityGracilisAdductormagnusSemitendinosusBiceps femoris(long head)Gluteusmaximus (cut)Gluteusmedius (cut)GluteusminimusTensor fasciaelataeGreater trochanterof femurIliotibial tractPosterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of thegluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view ofthe gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.18, and 11.19.a

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the Thigh The adductor groupAdductor longusAdduction and medial rotation at the hipAdductor magnusAdduction at the hipPectineusFlexion and adduction at the hipGracilisFlexion and medial rotation at the kneeAdduction and medial rotation at the hip

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.16d Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I

LateralRotatorGroupIliopsoasGroupAdductorGroupPsoasmajorIliacusPiriformisObturatorinternusObturatorexternusInguinalligamentL5AdductormagnusAdductorbrevisAdductorlongusPectineusGracilisSartorius(see Table 11.8)Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group.d

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs Muscles That Move the ThighThe iliopsoas groupIliacusFlexion at the hipPsoas majorFlexion at the hip

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.16d Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I

LateralRotatorGroupIliopsoasGroupAdductorGroupPsoasmajorIliacusPiriformisObturatorinternusObturatorexternusInguinalligamentL5AdductormagnusAdductorbrevisAdductorlongusPectineusGracilisSartorius(see Table 11.8)Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group.d

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles That Move the Thigh

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A&P Flix: Gluteus Maximus

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A&P Flix: Iliopsoas

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the LegExtensors of the knee (collectively called the quadriceps femoris)Vastus intermediusExtends the legVastus lateralisExtends the legVastus medialisExtends the legRectus femorisExtends the legFlexion at the hip

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.18b Muscles That Move the Leg, Anterior Views

Femoral nerveInguinal ligamentPubictubercleFemoralveinFemoralarteryAnterior superior iliac spineGluteus mediusTensor fasciae lataeIliopsoasPectineusAdductor longusGracilisExtensorsof the KneeRectusfemorisVastuslateralisVastusmedialisIliotibial tractSartoriusQuadriceps tendonPatellaPatellar ligamentTibial tuberosityDiagrammatic anterior view ofthe superficial muscles of theright thighb

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the LegFlexors of the kneeBiceps femorisFlexes the legExtension at the hipSemimembranosus Flexes the leg SemitendinosusFlexes the leg The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus are collectively called the hamstrings

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.19b Muscles That Move the Leg, Posterior Views

Adductor magnusGracilisIliotibial tractFlexors of the KneeBiceps femoris,long headSemitendinosusBiceps femoris,short headSemimembranosusSartoriusTibial nervePopliteal artery (red)and vein (blue)Medial head of gastrocnemiusLateral head of gastrocnemius Posterior view of superficialmuscles of the right thighbTensor fasciaelataeGluteus maximusGluteal aponeurosisover gluteus mediusIliac crest

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the LegFlexors of the kneeSartoriusAllows crossing of the lower legPopliteusFlexes the leg

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.19d Muscles That Move the Leg, Posterior Views

SartoriusGracilisBiceps femoris,short headHamstringsSemitendinosusBiceps femoris,long headSemimembranosusSartoriusPopliteusDeep muscles ofthe posterior thighd

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.21a Muscles That Move the Leg, Medial and Lateral Views

PubicsymphysisSacrumGluteus maximusAdductor longusAdductor magnusGracilisBiceps femorisSemitendinosusSemimembranosusSartoriusRectus femorisVastus medialisPatellaGastrocnemius,medial headMedial view of the musclesof the right thigh

a

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.21b Muscles That Move the Leg, Medial and Lateral Views

Gluteus mediusTensor fasciaelataeSartoriusGluteus maximusRectus femorisIliotibial tractVastus lateralisBiceps femoris,long headBiceps femoris,short headSemimembranosusPatellaPlantarisPatellar ligamentLateral view of the musclesof the right thigh

b

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A&P Flix: Vastus Lateralis

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A&P Flix: Biceps Femoris

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.A&P Flix: Sartorius

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the Foot and ToesExtrinsic muscles of the foot and toesMuscles that originate on the distal end of the femur or on the tibia or fibula but yet move the foot and toesIntrinsic muscles of the toesMuscles that originate on some aspect of the foot but yet move the toes

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the Foot and ToesExtrinsic muscles that move the foot DorsiflexorTibialis anterior: dorsiflexion of the foot

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.23a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Anterior View

Superficial DissectionDeep DissectionPatellaIliotibialtractPatellarligamentTibialtuberosityTibialisanteriorFibularis longusDorsiflexorsFibularis longusTibiaDigitalExtensorsExtensordigitorumlongusExtensorhallucislongusFibulaSuperior extensorretinaculumLateral malleolusInferior extensorretinaculumAnterior views showingsuperficial and deep musclesof the right leg

a

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the Foot and ToesExtrinsic muscles that move the foot Plantar flexorsGastrocnemius: plantar flexion of the footFibularis brevis: eversion of the footFibularis longus: eversion of the footPlantaris: plantar flexionSoleus: plantar flexionTibialis posterior: inversion of the foot

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views

PlantarisPlantar FlexorsGastrocnemius,medial headGastrocnemius,lateral headSoleusPlantarisPopliteusSoleusGastrocnemius(cut and removed)CalcanealtendonCalcaneusSuperficial muscles of theposterior surface of theleg; those large musclesare primarily responsiblefor plantar flexion.

a

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views

Head offibulaTibialisposteriorTibialiaposteriorFibularislongusFibularisbrevisFlexor digitorumlongusFlexorhallucis longusTendon offibularis brevisTendon offibularis longusPosterior view ofdeeper musclesof the leg.

cPlantar FlexorsDigital Flexors

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Iliotibial tractBiceps femorisHead of fibulaLateral head ofgastrocnemiusTibialis anteriorFibularis longusSoleusFibularis brevisExtensordigitorum longusSuperior extensorretinaculumLateral malleolusInferior extensorretinaculumCalcaneal tendon

Tendon of extensorhallucis longusLateral view of thesuperficial musclesof the right legbFigure 11.24b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Medial and Lateral Views

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower LimbsMuscles That Move the Foot and ToesExtrinsic muscles that move the toes Digital flexors and extensorsFlexor digitorum longus: flexion of toes 25Flexor hallucis longus: flexion of the halluxExtensor digitorum longus: extension of toes 25Extensor hallucis longus: extension of the hallux

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views

Head offibulaTibialisposteriorTibialiaposteriorFibularislongusFibularisbrevisFlexor digitorumlongusFlexorhallucis longusTendon offibularis brevisTendon offibularis longusPosterior view ofdeeper musclesof the leg.

cPlantar FlexorsDigital Flexors

2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 11.23a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Anterior View

Superficial DissectionDeep DissectionPatellaIliotibialtractPatellarligamentTibialtuberosityTibialisanteriorFibularis longusDorsiflexorsFibularis longusTibiaDigitalExtensorsExtensordigitorumlongusExtensorhallucislongusFibulaSuperior extensorretinaculumLateral malleolusInferior extensorretinaculumAnterior views showingsuperficial and deep musclesof the right leg

a