CellsAnatomy & Physiology

Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE

Depends on what they do

Cytology = the study of cells

All Animal Cells have 3 main parts

●Nucleus●Cytoplasm (cytosol)●Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane

The cytoplasm (cytosol) is the area between the nucleus and the membrane.

Many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur in this area.

Do you remember what metabolism is?

ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functionsThe nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person.

The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell

Function = transport system

Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

Golgi ApparatusFlattened membranes;

Function = package and delivery of proteins produced by the ribosomesProteins are exported in vesicles

Mitochondria ( The “powerhouse” of the cell )

Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) -- process is called Cellular Respiration

What does respiration have to do with metabolism?

Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances (“suicide sac”)

Remember the video on how beans become farts?

What is the enzyme in this image and how do you know?

Enzymes break down substances in the cell, such as food or worn out cell parts, even bacteria.

What organ is your body is most like the lysosome?

Centrosome – two cylinders, centrioles, that sit perpendicular

During cell division, the centrioles separate and form a spindle.

The spindle moves chromosomes during cell division so that each new cell gets the proper number.

CYTOSKELETON

made of microfilaments and microtubules which maintain shape and functions in movement

Cilia & Flagella

NUCLEUS - (the “brain” of the cell)

Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell)Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatinAlso contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomesHas tiny pores in the nuclear membrane is where RNA can exit the nucleus

More analogies

1. What part of the cell is most like the stomach?

2. What part of the cell is most like your circulatory system?

3. What part of the cell is most like your brain?

4. What part of the cell is most like your bones?

5. What part of the cell is most like your skin?

Super Difficult Bonus Question

Which part of the cell do you think is the most responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

Movement of Substances Through the Membrane

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out; moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Diffusion Animation

This process requires no energy, it is called

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Movement of Substances Through the Membrane

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread outFacilitated Diffusion - uses proteins as passageways

Diffusion Animation

OSMOSIS - the diffusion of water

Hypertonic HypotonicIsotonic

SALT SUCKS

Osmosis Animation

Filtration

Active Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

●Mitosis = nuclear division●Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division)●The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell

has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original

●Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

●Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

●IPMAT

The structure of a chromosome

Centromere holds two chromatids together

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids)2. centrioles migrate to the poles3. nuclear membrane disappears4. nucleolus disappears5. spindle forms

1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

1. chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin2. nuclear membrane reforms3. nucleoli reappears4. spindle disappears5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells- organelles are divided- daughter cells are genetically identical

Cells return to interphase

http://youtube.com/v/VlN7K1-9QB0

DIFFERENTIATION

occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows

1.Name the phases starting at the top.

1.Name the phase2.Identify X3.Identify Y

5. Name the phase

6. Name the structure

1.Name the structure2.What is its function?

9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag

     A                     B                   C                   D                    E

10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?