Anatomy and physiologyAnatomy and physiology

Ch. 4

Physiology of cells

Ch. 4

Physiology of cells

Movement through Cell Membranes

Movement through Cell Membranes

Passive– Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Active– Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Passive– Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Active– Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

PassivePassive

Diffusion– Facilitated Diffusion– Dialysis– Osmosis

Diffusion– Facilitated Diffusion– Dialysis– Osmosis

OsmosisOsmosis

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Osmosis Osmosis

Water moves from area of greater water concentration across selectively permeable membrane

Osmotic pressure - ability toLift water

Solutions– Isotonic– Hypertonic – Hypotonic

Water moves from area of greater water concentration across selectively permeable membrane

Osmotic pressure - ability toLift water

Solutions– Isotonic– Hypertonic – Hypotonic

Onion cells in solutionOnion cells in solution

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Cell in solutionCell in solution

Filtration - special form of passive transport

Filtration - special form of passive transport

Passing water and solutes through membrane by hydrostatic pressure– Example - removal of waste in kidneys

Passing water and solutes through membrane by hydrostatic pressure– Example - removal of waste in kidneys

Active MechanismsActive Mechanisms

Requires use of ATP to move molecules from low to high concentration

40% of cells energy Carrier protein Particles that use active transport

– Sugar, amino acids, sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen. Sodium potassium pump

Requires use of ATP to move molecules from low to high concentration

40% of cells energy Carrier protein Particles that use active transport

– Sugar, amino acids, sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen. Sodium potassium pump

Active TransportActive Transport

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis– Engulfing of larger particles

Exocytosis– Releasing of larger particles

Types of Endocytosis– Pinocytosis– Phagocytosis– Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis– Engulfing of larger particles

Exocytosis– Releasing of larger particles

Types of Endocytosis– Pinocytosis– Phagocytosis– Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Cell MetabolismCell Metabolism

Metabolism - definition Metabolic reactions - two types

– Anabolism - growth and repair (accomplished by dehydration synthesis) Polysaccharies, lipids, proteins

– Catabolism - break molecules down into their building blocks (accomplished by hydrolysis) Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids broken into their building

blocks

Controlled by Enzymes - control the rate (speed)

Metabolism - definition Metabolic reactions - two types

– Anabolism - growth and repair (accomplished by dehydration synthesis) Polysaccharies, lipids, proteins

– Catabolism - break molecules down into their building blocks (accomplished by hydrolysis) Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids broken into their building

blocks

Controlled by Enzymes - control the rate (speed)

Control of Metabolic ReactionsControl of Metabolic Reactions

Enzymes and their actions§ Proteins§ Lower activation energy - speeds things up§ Small quantities and recycled§ Very specific shape § Active sites - combine with substrate

§ Produce a enzyme substrate complex

§ Speed of reaction depends on number of enzymes and substrate molecules.

Enzymes and their actions§ Proteins§ Lower activation energy - speeds things up§ Small quantities and recycled§ Very specific shape § Active sites - combine with substrate

§ Produce a enzyme substrate complex

§ Speed of reaction depends on number of enzymes and substrate molecules.

Classification of enzymesClassification of enzymes

Oxidation reduction - energy release Hydrolyzing - break down molecules Phosphorylating - add/remove phosphates Carboxylases - add/remove carbon dioxide Mutases - rearrage atoms in molecules Hydrases - add water with/witout breaking it

down

Oxidation reduction - energy release Hydrolyzing - break down molecules Phosphorylating - add/remove phosphates Carboxylases - add/remove carbon dioxide Mutases - rearrage atoms in molecules Hydrases - add water with/witout breaking it

down

Factors that alter enzymesFactors that alter enzymes

Denaturization - changing shape of enzymeheat,

ph

chemicals,

electricity

radiation

Denaturization - changing shape of enzymeheat,

ph

chemicals,

electricity

radiation

Cellular Respiration IntroductionCellular Respiration Introduction

•Energy is the capacity to do work•Forms of energy: heat, light, sound, electrical, mechanical, chemical•In the cell - Chemical energy (released through Cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration within cellCellular Respiration within cell

Cellular Respiration - 3 stepsCellular Respiration - 3 steps

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

GlycolysisGlycolysis

Splitting glucose– Results in two molecules of pyruvic acid– Occurs in cytosol and does not require oxygen

to start (anaerobic)– Requires ATP to start process

• Glucose - 6 carbons sugar broken into 2- 3 carbon sugars

Splitting glucose– Results in two molecules of pyruvic acid– Occurs in cytosol and does not require oxygen

to start (anaerobic)– Requires ATP to start process

• Glucose - 6 carbons sugar broken into 2- 3 carbon sugars

Citric Acid cycle - Krebs cycleCitric Acid cycle - Krebs cycle

• Aerobic portion of cellular respiration• Pyruvic acid and hydrogen and electrons

are transported to mitochondria• Pyruvic acid is converted the acetyl

coenzyme A, • then goes through another series of

changes - • producing one atp molecule and releasing

CO2

• Aerobic portion of cellular respiration• Pyruvic acid and hydrogen and electrons

are transported to mitochondria• Pyruvic acid is converted the acetyl

coenzyme A, • then goes through another series of

changes - • producing one atp molecule and releasing

CO2

Hydrogen and electron transport system

Hydrogen and electron transport system

The electrons and hydrogen from the citric acid cycle are transported to a carrier molecule and passed from one to another – Releases enough energy to form 32-34 ATP

molecules by attaching phosphates to ADP molecules

The electrons and hydrogen from the citric acid cycle are transported to a carrier molecule and passed from one to another – Releases enough energy to form 32-34 ATP

molecules by attaching phosphates to ADP molecules

ATP - adenosine tri phosphateATP - adenosine tri phosphate

1 molecule of glucose oxidized = up to 36-38 ATP molecules

Made of adenosine and Three phosphates Energy in last bond Becomes ADP - adenosine di phosphate

when last phosphate is broken off

1 molecule of glucose oxidized = up to 36-38 ATP molecules

Made of adenosine and Three phosphates Energy in last bond Becomes ADP - adenosine di phosphate

when last phosphate is broken off

Cellular respiration Review videoCellular respiration Review video

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Anabolism - Protein synthesisAnabolism - Protein synthesis

Genetic information contained in DNA

Gene - portion of DNA that has genetic information for making of a single protein

Genetic information contained in DNA

Gene - portion of DNA that has genetic information for making of a single protein

DNA moleculeDNA molecule

Structure– Made of nucleotides– Sugar, phosphate and base– Bases: Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine– Double helix model– Genetic CodeSequence of nucleotides gives sequence of

amino acids

Structure– Made of nucleotides– Sugar, phosphate and base– Bases: Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine– Double helix model– Genetic CodeSequence of nucleotides gives sequence of

amino acids

RNA moleculesRNA molecules

Single stranded Contain ribose and uracil Messenger RNA made through transcription

in the nucleus Translation of the code happens at

ribosome

Single stranded Contain ribose and uracil Messenger RNA made through transcription

in the nucleus Translation of the code happens at

ribosome

TranscriptionTranscription

TranslationTranslation

Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

In cytoplasm Messenger RNA brings code from DNA to

ribosome Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosome for

protein synthesis MRNA Codons determine order of amino acids.

TRNA anticodons line up on the messenger RNA Amino acid chain is formed when amino acids are

lined up in the correct sequence by TRNA Proteins - polypeptide chain of amino acids

In cytoplasm Messenger RNA brings code from DNA to

ribosome Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosome for

protein synthesis MRNA Codons determine order of amino acids.

TRNA anticodons line up on the messenger RNA Amino acid chain is formed when amino acids are

lined up in the correct sequence by TRNA Proteins - polypeptide chain of amino acids

Growth and Reproduction of cellsGrowth and Reproduction of cells

The cell cycle– Phases of cell cycle

Interphase Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) Cytokinesis Differentiation

The cell cycle– Phases of cell cycle

Interphase Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) Cytokinesis Differentiation

InterphaseInterphase

Period of metabolic activity– DNA Replication - makes exact copy of dna– Cell growth and other structures duplicated

Period of metabolic activity– DNA Replication - makes exact copy of dna– Cell growth and other structures duplicated

Two types of cell divisionTwo types of cell division

Mitosis - cel growth and cell reproduction Meiosis - used to reduce number of

chromosomes in half - to make gametes

Mitosis - cel growth and cell reproduction Meiosis - used to reduce number of

chromosomes in half - to make gametes

Mitosis computer animatedMitosis computer animated

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Mitosis in real timeMitosis in real time

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MitosisMitosis

Mitosis Mitosis

Prophase – DNA condensing into chromosomes– Centrioles migrating to poles– Microtubules of cytoskeleton reorganizing into

spindle fibers– Disappearance of nuclear membrane

Prophase – DNA condensing into chromosomes– Centrioles migrating to poles– Microtubules of cytoskeleton reorganizing into

spindle fibers– Disappearance of nuclear membrane

MetaphaseMetaphase

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres on chromosome

Chromosome align midway

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres on chromosome

Chromosome align midway

AnaphaseAnaphase

Spindle fibers contract Pull sister chromatids to centrioles

Spindle fibers contract Pull sister chromatids to centrioles

TelophaseTelophase

Chromosomes complete migration Chromosomes unwind

Chromosomes complete migration Chromosomes unwind

Cytoplasmic DivisionCytoplasmic Division

Cytokinesis Happens after mitosis Results in 2 daughter cells

Cytokinesis Happens after mitosis Results in 2 daughter cells

Cell differentiationCell differentiation

Cells develop into different types of cells Genes turned on and off

Cells develop into different types of cells Genes turned on and off