Ceu-Infection Control 2 Immunity and Diseases

8/3/2019 Ceu-Infection Control 2 Immunity and Diseases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ceu-infection-control-2-immunity-and-diseases 1/30

INFECTION CONTROL/PREVENTION IMMUNITY & DISEASES

FAITH VAUGHN RN, BSN, MSN



IMMUNITY (CONT’D) Active immunity:

• exposure to a disease organism triggers theimmune system to produce antibodies to thatdisease. There are 2 types:

• Natural active: antibodies develop duringinfection with the actual disease. (measles,chickenpox)

• Artificial active: introduction of a killed orweakened form of disease organism thru vaccines(MMR, Hep B, polio)



IMMUNITY (CONT’D) Passive immunity:person is given antibodies to a disease. There are 2

types:• Natural passive: mother to child thru placenta or

milk• Artificial passive: used during potentially fataldiseases. Provides an instant response of temporary antibodies (tetanus, gamma globulin)

Protection for active immunity is permanent andtakes several weeks to become active

Passive immunity is temporary and actsimmediately



BACTERIAL/VIRAL INFECTIONS

Immunosuppression:Occurs when the body’s immune system is

inadequate. A number of factors can lead to thiscondition, including:

• Advanced age and Frailty

• Chemotherapy

• Infection with Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)

• Radiation therapy



BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (CONT’D)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):Is a virulent staph infection, normally found onskin and mucous membranes.

Resistant to antibiotic treatment, and can prove

fatal very quicklyVancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE):

Entero-cocci are found in the gastrointestinal tract.

Major cause of infections acquired in health care

facilities. Most strains are highly resistant tomany antibiotics.

Newer strains are resistant to vancomycin



BACTERIAL INFECTIONS CONT’D

Streptococcus A:

• Is a bacterium that produces very powerfulenzymes that destroy tissue and blood cells.

• Infection is pass on to others by coughing or

sneezing, touching environmental surfaceswithout washing your hands.

• Strep A infection occurs when bacteria enters thebody through minor trauma or a break in the skin

• Good hand washing helps reduce the risk of infection.

• Treatment with antibiotics and surgery, theresults are not always good




• Clostridium difficile (C.diff) is a bacterium whichcauses diarrhea> develops after a series of antibiotic therapy.> affects the lining of the intestine, causing

inflammation.> results in sudden, severe, foul-smelling, waterydiarrhea. More commonly acquired in hospitals

• Escherichia coli: commonly found in the intestinal

tract (feces). A small amt of this bacteria cancontaminate meat, especially ground beef

• Salmonella: a group of bacteria that cause mildto life threatening intestinal infection (food

poisoning)




Precautions:• Wash your hands regularly with soap and water

before and after patients care, and removal of gloves

• Wear gloves and gown when coming in contactwith infectious material• Encourage visitors to wash their hands before

and after patients visit to ensure that they don’tcarry germs

• Carry alcohol wipes and extra gloves to usebetween patients• Remove gown and gloves and dispose of them

appropriately as per policy, outside of patientsroom

• Have visitors report to the nurses’ station beforeentering room



TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION

Tuberculosis (TB): is an infectious disease causedby the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis(tubercle bacilli)

• Tubercle bacilli: are spread by airborne dropletsexpelled when a person with active TB coughs,sneezes, or talks

• Individuals exposed to contaminated air may

breathe in the organism. This is more likely tooccur in poorly ventilated or closely confinedspaces (vehicles, trains, crowded areas)



TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION (CONT’D)

TB: an increase in the number of peoplewho are at risk, including those who are:

• HIV positive

• Infected but fail to take their meds

• Live in poverty and are malnourished

• Immigrants to the United States from

countries where TB is still common• Have had inactive TB but have grown

older and experience increased disability




Latent TB:

• An estimate of 10 to 15 million people in the U.S.have latent TB infection

• A person infected and has a strong immune

system, is able to contain the infection and willnot become ill with the disease.

• Persons are not contagious (cannot transmit TBinfection to others

• Only 1 in 10 persons with latent TB infection willever develop active TB, as long as they are HIVnegative




Active TB: occurs when an individual’s immunesystem fails to keep the TB organism contained

• Can involve almost any organ in the body, but is

most commonly spread from person to personwhen lungs or airways are involved

• Airborne precautions are required (mask,

negative pressure room) until three consecutiveAcid Fast Bacilus (AFB) sputum smears arenegative




• Signs/symptoms of TB: as diseaseprogresses, the person will show one ormore symptoms:

• Fatigue

• Loss of appetite and weight• Weakness• Elevated temp in the afternoon and

evening

• Night sweats• Spitting up blood (hemoptysis)• Coughing




TB diagnosis: the presence of TB bacterium in thebody can be shown by:

• A sputum culture: grows the organisms from aspecimen of secretions from the person’s lungs

• Chest X-rays: show the extent of the diseaseprocess in the lungs

• A positive skin test (Mantoux test) shows thepresence of antibodies to the TB organisms in thebody, and is not an indication of the activedisease

• Most health care workers must undergo a skintest for TB before employment




TB treatment/prevention• A person with TB is treated with a selected

antibiotic or combination of antibiotics• Once drug therapy starts, the patient usually

becomes noncontagious (cannot spread thedisease organism) within two to three weeks• Cure for TB requires 6-12 months, or longer, of

continuous treatment• The course of treatment must be completed to

avoid recurrence• All new TB and suspected cases should bereported promptly to the Health Department bythe health care provider, as required by the state



AIDS AND HIV

• Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS),which is a serious condition that affects thebody’s ability to fight infections

• AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency

Virus (HIV)• HIV in the body, can destroy the immune cells

(T-cells and white blood cells) that defend thebody against infections

• Without these cells, the body cannot defend itself from illness

• Disease and infections can now move into thebody without a fight



AIDS AND HIV (CONT’D)

HIV can be transmitted by:

• Blood and plasma

• Semen

• Vaginal secretions

• Cerebrospinal fluid

• Bone marrow

• Sharing injection needles or syringes

• Placenta

• Breast milk

• Body fluids containing blood

• Body tattooing/piercing



AIDS AND HIV (CONT’D) HIV cannot be transmitted by:• Shaking hands• Coughing• A dry kiss

• Swimming pools• Sharing food• Donating blood• Hugging

• Sneezing• Toilet seats or rest rooms• Sharing eating or drinking utensils• Insects, including mosquitos• Door knobs

• Sweat, saliva, or tears



AIDS AND HIV (CONT’D) HIV tests and treatment:• Most widely used test is the enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test

• Positive results, the test is repeated. After twopositives, a Western Blot Test is done to confirmthe results

• No cure for AIDS and no vaccine available for

HIV.

• Antiretroviral therapy, which is known as cocktaildrugs, combination therapy, or highly activeantiretroviral therapy (HAART). Each type of drug

fights HIV differently to slow down the spread of the HIV virus (combivir, invirase, atripla, norvir)




Stages of the Disease: Person who is exposed toHIV develops antibodies to the virus within 2 – 24 weeks (window period)

• Stage 1: Newly exposed persons may exhibit flu

like symptoms that may last one to two weeks• Stage 11: symptoms such as weight loss, night

sweats, fevers, swollen lymph nodes, drypersistent cough, oral candidasis (thrush), andfatigue

• Stage 111: T cell count is below 200/m3(normal T Cell count in a healthy adult is 800-1000)Stage 11 symptoms with one or more opportunistic

infections are present(Kaposi’s Sarcoma, pneumocystis carinni) develops



AIDS AND HIV (CONT’D) Standard precautions:• Assume that all blood and bodily fluids are

contagious

• Use appropriate Personal protective Equipment(PPE) (mask, gown, gloves, or goggles) whenappropriate

• Dispose of blood, body fluids, and contaminated

materials in the appropriate containers such as(red bags, needle/sharps boxes)

• Do not touch broken glass with your hand. Useforceps or tongs to dispose of glass




Standard precautions:

• Keep all cuts and breaks on skin covered with aband-aid, and wear disposable gloves

• Disinfect surfaces contaminated with blood orbody fluids using 1:10 bleach solution

• Do not eat, drink, smoke, or apply cosmetics orlip balms in areas where there may be blood orbody fluids

• Do not store food or drink in refrigerators whereblood or body fluids may be present

• Practice hand hygiene frequently and thoroughly,even after using gloves



HEPATITIS AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is most common and

transmitted by:• Feces, saliva, and contaminated foodSymptoms: Yellowish color of skin (jaundice) and

sclera, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue,abdominal pain, dark urine, and appetite loss.respiratory symptoms, rashes, and joint pain

Treatment:• Vaccine available

• Rarely fatal• Bedrest and avoidance of alcoholic beverages

Precautions: wash hands before and after handlingfood, wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly



HEPATITIS B (CONT’D) • Hepatitis B virus (HBV)• Causes inflammation of the liver• Tissue response to virus may be mild, flu-like, or

so severe as to cause hospitalization

HBV may be present in blood and body fluids suchas:• Bloody saliva contacted during dental procedures• Blood• Semen

• Vaginal secretions• Cerebrospinal fluid• Synovial fluid (fluid lubricating the joints)



HEPATITIS B (CONT’D)

Full immunizations:

• Requires three doses of vaccines over a 4–6month period

• Personnel screened for the hepatitis B surface

antibody, after the immunization is completed(blood test to determine titer levels)

• Incidence of side effects to the vaccine is verylow

• Effective at providing protection against the HepB virus

• Vaccine is available at no cost through theEmployee Health Department



HEPATITIS B (CONT’D) Accident exposure to blood and body fluids:• You must be evaluated and treated by the

employee health department within four hours of exposure

• If the employee health department is closed, youshould go to the emergency room within thesame time frame of less than four hours of exposure

• Facility will provide upon consent, a confidentialmedical evaluation including blood tests, post-exposure prevention treatment and follow-upcounseling



HEPATITIS C (CONT’D) Hep C virus (HCV• Transmitted through blood and blood products• May be mistaken for the flu

Common signs and symptoms include:• Fatigue• Depression• Fever• Mood changes• Weakness• Pain and Loss of appetite• May cause liver cancer and liver failure



HEPATITIS C (CONT’D)

Protect yourself by:

• Using standard precautions

• Taking the vaccine, if available

• Practicing safe sex (using condoms)

• Not using illegal drugs

• Giving your full attention to the handling of sharps such as needles or razors



PREVENTING INFECTION • Assist patients to maintain adequate fluid intake• Wipe from front to back when cleaning perineal

area

• Observe patient carefully and report to the nurse:> changes in frequency of urination> complaints of pain/burning on urination> coughing or respiratory problems> confusion or disorientation that is unusual

> drainage or discharge from any body openingor wound> changes in skin color> complaints of pain, discomfort or nausea

> elevated temp red swollen areas on body

Ceu-Infection Control 2 Immunity and Diseases

Documents

Transcript of Ceu-Infection Control 2 Immunity and Diseases