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Transcript of Centre for Food Policy
1
Centre for Food Policy
2
Food Systems: Food Policy and Governance perspectives
GECAFS Food Systems workshop
21-22 October 2004
Medical Research Council, London
David Barling
Centre for Food Policy
School of Allied Health Sciences
City University
3
Some key themes
• The food system is increasingly complex
• Witnessed a food revolution in last century
• Changing patterns of governance
• Major policy challenges
• Focus esp. on near consumption end
4
20th century food revolution
• new products, processes & intensification• new distribution & logistics • Transformation of ‘nature’: rise of genetics• impact on health, environment and culture• pressure on control systems, rise of supply
chain management• Primacy of marketing, brands, price
5
Key change factors are…
• Market globalisation: penetration of new food markets
• Technological change in work and leisure
• Urbanization and rising incomes
• Cuts in real food price
• Shopping opportunities - from small stores to supermarkets
6
Key change factors (cont.)…
• Concentration, i.e. emergence of national, regional and global giants
• Integrated management control systems
• Global sourcing (now + rhetoric of localism)
• Marketing: systematic moulding of and response to consumer consciousness
• Pursuit of brand value
7
… this has shifted power
• from State to Corporation: emergence of dual regulatory structures (State/Corp’n)
• from Farm to Retail + Trade:
• from National to Regional/global: e.g. rise of WTO + Codex/ EFSA
• from Citizenship to Consumerism
8
Current State policy focus is on safety…when it ought to be on the (social) features of food policy…• Health: nutrition & degenerative disease
• Environment: causes of pollution, lifestyle, energy use, resource depletion (e.g. water and biodiversity)
• Consumerism: price and cost internalisation
• Culture: people skills
9
Challenges
Look at 2 key challenges to the food system with focus on the consumption end:
1. Market power and corporate concentration
2. Nutrition and health
Could add 3. externalities & 4. waste
10
Challenge 1: Market Power and corporate concentration
Look at concentration along the food chain especially near consumption end
11
European Grocery Turnover
66.948.931.9
189.4
93.7
58.748.5
260.9
131.1
78
72.7
387.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
billio
ns
2000 2005 2010
Largest 2nd Largest 3rd Largest Next 7 Largest
• Source: IGD Research, 2001• Published in: European Grocery Retailing… now and in the future…, Press Release, February 26th 2001, IGD
12
IGD European Retail Index (ERI)Retailer Rank
(ERI)Rank
(Turnover)European Total
Grocery Market ShareEuropean Status
Carrefour 1 1 7.2% Leading pan-EuropeanMetro 2 2 1.9% RetailersAuchan 3 5 2.9% Major European RetailersAldi 4 7 2.9% (not yet pan-European)Lidl & Schwartz 5 14 1.7%Ahold 6 10 2.4%Tesco 7 6 3.3%Rewe 8 4 2.3%ITM 9 3 2.9%Casino 10 15 1.7%Tengelmann 11 12 1.3%Wal-Mart 12 13 1.9%
Total 32.4%• Source: IGD Research; Market shares - IGD Research & estimates/M&M Eurodata; published in: European Grocery Retailing… now and in the future…, February,
2001, IGD
13
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
World's Top 20 Grocery Retailers,by Turnover (2000)
• Source: IGD (2002), Global Retailing• Letchmore Health: Institute of Grocery Retailing, pg 113
14
17
48
0
42
83
0
19
33
1113
19
36 37
2
16
49
39
30
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
% F
ore
ign
Sa
les
World's Top 20 Grocery Retailers,by Foreign Sales (2000)
• Source: IGD (2002), Global Retailing; Letchmore Health: Institute of Grocery Retailing, pg 113
15source: J Grievink Cap Gemini / OECD 2003
16
Top 10 global food processors, 2001, $bnTop 10 global food processors, 2001, $bn
7.0
9.0
9.9
10.6
12.2
12.8
19.0
30.5
35.1
41.8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Kellogg
Heinz
Danone
Sara Lee
PepsiCo
General Mills
ConAgra
Unilever
Kraft
Nestlé
In 2001 General Mills bought Pillsbury from
Diageo
Source - Company Annual Reports, 2000
$Bn
17
Growth of McDonalds' Total System-wide Restaurants and Total System-wide Sales, 1991-2001
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2001 2000 199919981997199619951994199319921991
$-
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
mill
ion
US$
Total Systemwide restaurants
Total Systemwide sales
18
Yum! International Sales in International Restaurants, 2001 (KFC, Pizza Hut,Taco Bell)
source: company website 2002
Americas21%
Greater China11%
Asia Pacific43%
Europe - South Africa25%
19
World’s top 7 agrochemical companies 2001 source: Agrow 2002
Rank Co. AgChem Sales $m
1 Syngenta 5,3852 Aventis 3,8423 Monsanto 3,7554 BASF 3,1055 Dow 2,6126 Bayer 2,4187 DuPont 1,917
20
Challenge 2: Nutrition and Health
• Nutrition Transition: dietary change health impact
• Health policy: degenerative diseases deserve higher priority than safety
21
Major dietary changes: the nutrition transition
• Rise of meat, sugar, refined foods
• Drop in fibre, & often in fruit & veg
• Change in tastes
• Change in production and food systems
22
Injuries (9.1%)
Noncommunicableconditions (59.0%)
Communicable diseases,
maternal and perinatal
conditions and nutritional deficiencies
(31.9%)
Total deaths: 55,694,000
Source: WHO, World Health Report 2001
Death, by broad cause group 2000
23
49%
27%
9%
15%
22% 43%
14%
21%
Global burden of disease 1990 - 2020by disease group in developing
countries
Communicable diseases, maternal and perinatalconditions andnutritional deficiencies
Noncommunicable conditions
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Injuries
1990 2020 (baseline scenario)
Source: WHO, Evidence, Information and Policy, 2000
24
Deaths, by broad cause group and WHO Region, 2000
InjuriesNoncommunicableconditions
Communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies
AFR EMR EURSEAR WPR AMR
25
50
75%
So
urc
e:
WH
O,
Wo
rld H
ea
lth R
ep
ort
20
01
25
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2000 2020 2000 2020
India SSA
Double burden of disease in Double burden of disease in middle/low income countriesmiddle/low income countries
DALYs
Communicable, maternal/perinatal cond.,nutr. deficienciesNoncommunicable Conditions
Source: WHO/EIP Global Burden of Disease
29
Diet and risk of NCD• Up to 80 % of cases of CHD and up to 90 % of
type 2 diabetes could be avoided through changing lifestyle factors.
• About one third of cancers could be prevented by eating healthily, maintaining normal weight and being physically active throughout the life span.
30
What institutional response?…emergence of multi-level
governance • Global
• Regional
• National
• Sub-national
• Local
31
Governance: Public & Private
• Dual system : Public and Private• Private sector leads in some cases• Public leads in others: reacts to crises?• Hybrid – e.g. post Curry Commission on
Future of Food and Farming – new supply chain management (role of the Food Chain Centre & Farm Assured Standards)
32
Food policy lacks integration
Polices are divided across:
• Health
• Food safety
• Agriculture
• Trade
• Competition
• etc
33
More integrated approaches exist
• WHO European Region (51 member states):
First Action Plan for Food & Nutrition Action Plan 2000-20005
• WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (2004)
• Lacking policy authority - left to member state action
34
Foo
d S
afet
y
Su
stai
nab
leF
ood
Su
pp
ly
Nu
trit
ion
35
Conclusions
• Complex changes result in policy challenges and huge costs
• Selective presentation to focus on near consumption perspectives
• Global environmental changes further complicate these challenges (&costs)
• Ask are OUR food systems’ typologies robust enough to address these changes?