Central District Development Project University of...

Environmental Wind Tunnel Testing

Exhaust Plume Dispersion and Pedestrian Comfort Studies

Central District Development Project University of Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas

AAT Project 15121 Clark/McCown Gordon -- Academic, A Joint Venture

Project 113468

Study Conducted by:

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC 2506 Zurich Drive, Suite 3

Fort Collins, CO 80524 www.windtunneltesting.com

Prepared for:

Clark/McCown Gordon -- Academic, A Joint Venture

7500 Old Georgetown Road Bethesda, MD 20814-6133

November 2015

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC i AAT Project 15121

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC conducted wind tunnel tests of exhaust dispersion to determine the acceptability of the design for exhausts and outside air intakes for the new Integrated Science Building 1 and New Central Utility Plant (ISB & CUP) to be built at the University of Kansas. The wind tunnel testing also included an evaluation of comfort and safety due to wind conditions for pedestrians.

AAT constructed a 1:200 scale model for the wind tunnel tests. A model of the surrounding neighborhood out to approximately ¼ mile was included. Planned future buildings and structures (including the new parking garage and Student Union), and planned demolitions, were included in the model based on the best information currently available. Models of the existing structures were based on the results of a stereo photogrammetric study of the site performed by AAT. The model is shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17.

Quantitative testing using precision tracer gas was conducted on the ISB & CUP exhaust stacks. Exhausts from the ISB & CUP buildings were tested for their impact on the new buildings’ outside air intakes and on an array of receptor locations around the new facilities. See Figure 4 through Figure 8 for exhaust locations and Figure 9 through Figure 15 for receptor locations. A “receptor” is a place where exposure to pollutants is of concern—air intakes, places where pedestrians might be exposed, etc.

The ISB laboratory exhaust stacks as designed (48 inch exit diameters extending to 10 feet above the penthouse roof) were found to provide acceptable dispersion with flows potentially as low as 5,000 cfm per stack. Since these results included the worst case wind conditions and range to flows likely to be significantly less than the building exhaust demand, wind-responsive fan control does not have the potential to save any exhaust fan energy.

The cooling towers were found not to recirculate significantly into their air intakes. The cooling tower plumes were found to experience a minimum of about 1:1,000 dilution before reaching any locations of concerns. As a result, they will not cause significant icing on the top deck of the new parking structure. This assumes that preventive maintenance will keep the drift eliminators in the cooling towers operating properly.

The ISB boiler exhaust was found not to cause odors at locations of concern.

The emergency diesel generator was found to potentially cause widespread obnoxious odors unless equipped with a catalytic converter capable of removing at least 80 percent of the odorous pollutants from the exhaust stream. Alternatively, scheduling of routine testing of the generator could avoid adverse wind conditions. This approach entails no equipment costs and can often be accomplished simply by testing in the hours just before and at sunrise.

Diesel delivery vehicles at the new loading dock will not cause odors at sensitive nearby locations.

Pedestrian-level winds were found to be generally benign with none of the tested locations found to be unsafe due to wind conditions. The tested locations were found to generally fall into the Standing and Strolling ASCE categories and be relatively easily made suitable for the Sitting use category if that is desired.

A series of selected video clips of flow visualization is included on the DVD accompanying this report. The video clips are easily included in PowerPoint presentations. Photos used in this report are also included separately as .jpg files with numbers corresponding to report figures.

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC ii AAT Project 15121

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2 Project Description ................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Integrated Science Building and New Central Utility Plant ............................................. 3 2.2 Site ................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Wind Climatology ............................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Emission Sources ........................................................................................................... 4 2.5 Receptors ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.6 Source/Receptor Associations ....................................................................................... 5 2.7 Pedestrian Wind Locations ............................................................................................. 5

3 Technical Background ........................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Wind Tunnel Testing ....................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Scaling ............................................................................................................................ 6 3.3 Safe and Tolerable Concentrations ................................................................................ 7 3.4 Dilution vs Normalized Concentrations ........................................................................... 8 3.5 Pedestrian-Level Winds .................................................................................................. 9

4 Design Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Laboratory Exhaust ...................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Cooling Tower Exhaust ................................................................................................ 11 4.3 Diesel Emergency Generator Exhaust ......................................................................... 11

4.3.1 Untreated Exhaust ................................................................................................. 11 4.3.2 Catalytic Converter ................................................................................................ 12

5 Test Methodology ................................................................................................................ 13 5.1 Scale Model .................................................................................................................. 13 5.2 Wind Tunnel Instrumentation ........................................................................................ 13 5.3 Test Strategy ................................................................................................................ 13 5.4 Pedestrian-Level Winds ................................................................................................ 14

6 Results ................................................................................................................................. 15 6.1 Exhaust Plume Dispersion ........................................................................................... 15 6.2 ISB Exhausts ................................................................................................................ 15

6.2.1 Laboratory Exhaust ............................................................................................... 15 6.2.1 Cooling Tower Plume ............................................................................................ 15 6.2.2 Boiler Exhaust ....................................................................................................... 16 6.2.3 Diesel Emergency Generator Exhaust .................................................................. 16 6.2.4 Diesel Delivery Vehicle Exhaust ............................................................................ 16

6.3 Exhaust from Neighboring Buildings ............................................................................ 16 6.4 Pedestrian-Level Winds ................................................................................................ 16

6.4.1 Safety .................................................................................................................... 16 6.4.2 Comfort .................................................................................................................. 16

6.5 Video Clips ................................................................................................................... 17 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................... 18 8 References .......................................................................................................................... 19

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC iii AAT Project 15121

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Rendering of ISB, Student Union, CUP and parking structure ................................... 21 Figure 2. Aerial view of project site with red circle showing the edge of the model turntable .... 22 Figure 3. Topeka Billard Wind Rose (Average wind speed = 8.08 knots; one-percent wind

speed = 22.4 knots) ................................................................................................ 23 Figure 4. Laboratory exhaust stacks on ISB penthouse roof ..................................................... 24 Figure 5. Cooling towers and boiler flues on ISB roof ................................................................ 24 Figure 6. Loading dock .............................................................................................................. 25 Figure 7. Diesel generator east of new Student Union .............................................................. 25 Figure 8. Stack locations ............................................................................................................ 26 Figure 9. Outside air intakes on north wall of ISB penthouse .................................................... 26 Figure 10. Outside air intakes at south wall of new Student Union ............................................ 27 Figure 11. Pedestrian-level receptor on top deck of new parking garage .................................. 27 Figure 12. Athletics building outside air intake (R18), pedestrian receptor on roof of athletic

building (R17), and ground-level receptors in walkway north of athletics building (R15, R17) .............................................................................................................. 28

Figure 13. Outside air intake on roof of basketball arena .......................................................... 28 Figure 14. Receptor locations .................................................................................................... 29 Figure 15. Ped wind locations and results ................................................................................. 30 Figure 16. Model in wind tunnel looking northeast ..................................................................... 30 Figure 17. Model in wind tunnel ready for testing looking north ................................................. 31 Figure 18. Approach flow & turbulence ...................................................................................... 32

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC iv AAT Project 15121

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1. EXHAUST SOURCES ............................................................................................... 34 TABLE 2. RECEPTORS ............................................................................................................ 35 TABLE 3. MAXIMUM NORMALIZED CONCENTRATIONS DUE TO THE ISB LABORATORY

EXHAUST STACKS ............................................................................................ 37 TABLE 4. MINIMUM DILUTION OF COOLING TOWER PLUMES ........................................... 38 TABLE 5. MINIMUM DILUTIONS OF CUP BOILER PLUMES .................................................. 39 TABLE 6. MINIMUM DILUTIONS OF EXHAUST PLUMES FROM THE DIESEL EMERGENCY

GENERATOR ...................................................................................................... 39 TABLE 7. MINIMUM DILUTIONS OF EXHAUST PLUMES FROM DIESEL DELIVERY

VEHICLES AT THE LOADING DOCK ................................................................ 39 TABLE 8. ASCE PEDESTRIAN COMFORT CRITERIA ............................................................ 40 TABLE 9. ASCE PEDESTRIAN COMFORT AND SAFETY CLASSIFICATIONS ..................... 41 TABLE 10. AMPLIFICATION RATIOS ....................................................................................... 41

Ambient Air Technologies, LLC 1 AAT Project 15121

1 Introduction

The Integrated Science Building 1 and New Central Utility Plant (ISB & CUP) are to be constructed at the University of Kansas (KU) south of Irving Hill Drive near the intersection with Burdick Drive. This report documents a wind tunnel study conducted by Ambient Air Technologies (AAT) to support design efforts for the new ISB & CUP. This work was conducted under contract to Clark/McCown Gordon -- Academic, A Joint Venture (Clark).

The objectives of this wind tunnel testing were:

ISB & CUP Exhaust Stacks. To support the project design team in its efforts to design efficient exhaust and outside air intake systems for the ISB & CUP which will provide safe and odor-free air quality for the building occupants and neighbors by ensuring that the worst case impact of exhaust plumes from stacks on the ISB & CUP is within acceptable limits on outside air intakes on the ISB & CUP, on outside air intakes on neighboring existing and future buildings, and at outside locations where pedestrians might be exposed.

ISB & CUP Emergency Generator Exhaust. To determine the extent of obnoxious odors due to diesel exhaust from the ISB & CUP emergency generator(s) and to recommend mitigation measures, if appropriate.

ISB & CUP Loading Dock Exhaust. To determine the extent of obnoxious odors due to exhaust from diesel delivery vehicles idling at the ISB & CUP loading dock and to recommend mitigation measures, if appropriate.

CUP Cooling Towers. To determine the minimum dilutions of the ISB & CUP cooling tower plume at the cooling tower intakes and outside air intakes, and to recommend mitigation measures, if appropriate, to ensure efficient cooling tower operation and avoid pollution of the outside air intakes.

CUP Boiler Flues. To determine the extent of obnoxious odors due to exhaust from the boiler flues on the CUP roof, and to recommend mitigation measures, if appropriate.

Neighboring Exhausts. To determine the worst-case minimum dilutions of hazardous or odorous exhaust plumes at ISB & CUP outside air intakes and pedestrian exposure locations due to exhaust stacks on neighboring buildings and to recommend mitigation measures, if appropriate. Note that no significant hazardous or odorous exhausts were found close enough to impact this project.

Pedestrian Wind Environment. To determine the wind conditions affecting pedestrian comfort and safety at selected locations in the vicinity of the ISB & CUP and, if appropriate, to recommend mitigation measures. Test locations were selected to represent the areas of highest winds and sensitive areas such as gathering places and building entrances.

The wind tunnel testing was conducted in the environmental boundary-layer wind tunnel owned and operated by Ambient Air Technologies, LLC in Fort Collins, Colorado.

Chet Wisner of AAT visited the project site September 17, 2015 to conduct a stereo photogrammetric study of the existing buildings within ¼ mile of the ISC & CUP site. The stereo photogrammetric study uses a calibrated camera, a high-accuracy Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and sophisticated software to determine the three-dimensional geometry of existing buildings at the site.


Smoke visualization techniques were used to provide a qualitative indication of the physical behavior of the exhaust plumes. The results of these tests are used to guide the precision tracer gas testing and to help understand the physical phenomena governing the transport and dispersion of the exhaust plumes. Video clips of selected smoke visualization runs are included on the accompanying DVD.


2 Project Description

2.1 Integrated Science Building and New Central Utility Plant

The Integrated Science Building will include three stories plus a mechanical penthouse. The ISB will house teaching laboratories, classrooms and offices. The new Central Utility Plant will house natural gas boilers and rooftop cooling towers. The CUP will be adjacent to the north wall of a new four-level parking garage. A new two-story Student Union will also be included in this project. The project will be located at approximately 999,144 ft E 14,154,262 ft N UTM Zone 15. Figure 1 shows an architectural rendering of the four structures included in this project.

2.2 Site

The surrounding terrain and structures were modeled to a distance of approximately ¼ mile from the ISB & CUP. This corresponds to a model approximately 12 feet in diameter for use in the AAT wind tunnel at a scale of 1:200. Figure 2 is an aerial photograph of the site with the edge of the turntable for dispersion testing shown in red.

No significant changes are expected in the neighboring buildings on the turntable model within the next 10 to 15 years. So the model turntable represents the current configuration.

The model terrain was based a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the USGS. The elevation of the ISB & CUP building site is approximately 932 ft MSL (above mean sea level). The terrain in the area is dominated by a relatively flat ridge at about 1,005 ft MSL that wraps around from the west edge to the north edge of the model turntable. The terrain drops off rapidly to 932 ft MSL at the project site and then less steeply to about 896 ft MSL at the south-southeast edge of the model turntable. The terrain was included in the model.

The areas surrounding the site are adequately represented by the “suburban,” or “forested,” roughness profile. A single “suburban/forested” approach wind profile is appropriate for testing of all wind directions.

2.3 Wind Climatology

The wind observations for 40 years of record (January 1, 1972 to March 1, 2013) at Topeka Billard Municipal Airport, Topeka, Kansas (WBAN Station #13996) are summarized by the wind rose1 in Figure 3. The wind rose includes the following notable features:

• The prevailing wind (the most frequent wind direction) comes from the south. • A secondary maximum occurs from north. • The occurrence of calm conditions (wind speeds too low for the anemometer to

measure) is 10.13%.

1 A wind rose plots historical wind observations in a format which is very convenient once you know how to read it. The length of each spoke from the center represents the frequency of winds from that direction in percent as labeled on the concentric circles. The spoke is broken down by speed categories as show by the colored segments. Lower wind speeds are plotted near the center and stronger winds are plotted further out. The wind speeds represented by each colored segment are shown in the legend on the right side of the wind rose. The percent frequency of calm winds is given under the color legend. The average wind speed and the 1-percent wind speed (the speed exceeded only 1 percent of the time) are given in the caption.


• The average wind speed is 8.1 knots. • The 1-percent wind speed2 is 22.4 knots.

The wind rose is based on hourly anemometer readings of wind speed and wind direction at the weather station. These are generally 6- to 10-minute average values. AAT has adjusted the observed wind speeds to be representative of the universal standard 10-meter height recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. A number of changes in the height of the anemometer have occurred over the 40-year period of record. Adjustments for anemometer height change are based on the known logarithmic increase in wind speed with height. For this purpose, the roughness length at the anemometer site was assumed to be 5 centimeters which is representative of the open terrain generally found at most airport weather stations.

2.4 Emission Sources

The exhaust stacks planned for the ISB & CUP are shown in Figure 4 through Figure 8. The parameters for the stacks tested are listed in TABLE 1. Note that the new Student Union and parking garage do not have any associated hazardous exhausts. The exhausts of concern include:

Laboratory. The laboratory exhaust stacks will be located on the ISB roof and will extend to 10 feet above the penthouse roof. Each stack/fan will be designed to handle a maximum of about 45,000 cfm although they may run at much lower flows during “unoccupied” times.

Diesel Emergency Generator. A 1,500-kW emergency diesel generator will be located at the east end of the Student Union. The generator will be in compliance with the EPA Tier 2 emissions criteria.

Cooling Tower. The cooling towers will be on the CUP roof. They will consist of up to four units, each with two 64-in-diameter fans and cooling towers. The cooling tower exits will be at about 11.5 feet above the roof level of the CUP and the new parking garage.

Loading Dock. A loading dock will be located near the northeast corner of the parking garage. It will accommodate up to five diesel 18-wheel rigs.

Exhaust from Neighboring Buildings. AAT routinely incorporates hazardous exhaust plumes from neighboring buildings in its wind tunnel tests to determine their potential impact on the primary test building. In this case, however, none of the neighboring buildings close enough to be of concern include hazardous or odorous exhaust stacks.

Stack parameters and specifications for ISB & CUP exhaust stacks were provided by Affiliated Engineers.

2.5 Receptors

A receptor is a location at which we are concerned with the level of exposure to effluent from a modeled emission source. Outside air intakes, exposed terraces, pedestrian walkways, and operable windows are examples of receptor locations. The term “receptor” is also used to denote the person or animal exposed at that location. The receptor locations for this project are shown in Figure 9 through Figure 14. They are listed in TABLE 2. Pedestrian receptors are taken at a full scale height of 5 feet above local ground level to represent air at breathing level.

2 The “1-percent wind speed” is the speed which is exceeded only 1 percent of the time. In more correct statistical terminology is also called the 99th-percentile wind speed.


The primary outside air intakes for the ISB are located as shown in Figure 9. The primary outside air intakes for the Student Union are shown in Figure 10. The ISB, CUP and Student Union will have no operable windows, so no receptors have been included for this purpose. Receptors have been included on neighboring student residences where appropriate to represent potential exposures due to operable windows. Additional receptors are located at pedestrian level in expected higher-traffic areas potentially impacted by plumes from the ISB & CUP.

2.6 Source/Receptor Associations

The ISB & CUP rooftop stacks were tested for their impact on all receptors. Exhausts on neighboring buildings were tested only for their impact on project outside air intakes and operable window—and pedestrian locations associated with ISB, CUP, the new Student Union and the new parking garage.

2.7 Pedestrian Wind Locations

The pedestrian-level locations tested are shown in Figure 15.


3 Technical Background

This section provides background material useful to a technical reader who is not fully aware of the technologies addressed by the report. Section 3.1 gives an overview of wind tunnel simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flows. Section 3.2 describes the methods used to scale test parameters to achieve an accurate fluid dynamic simulation. Section 3.3 reviews the use of published health threshold data to interpret the predictions of air pollutant concentrations provided by the wind tunnel testing. Section 3.4 describes the use of normalized concentration and dilution. Section 3.5 describes the method recommended by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) for evaluation of pedestrian comfort and safety due to wind conditions.

3.1 Wind Tunnel Testing

Physical modeling with boundary layer wind tunnels can be used to simulate air flow in the lowest portion of the atmosphere – from the ground to a few thousand feet. The physical equations governing the flow can be arranged so that the set of equations for the real atmosphere and those for the wind tunnel are identical if certain coefficients (such as Reynolds number) are equal. It also turns out that the air flows in the wind tunnel and the real atmosphere will be the same in many cases if these coefficients are within broad bounds; for example, if the Reynolds number exceeds the lower threshold value required for fully turbulent flow. This is called the “critical Reynolds number.”

A wind tunnel specifically designed for environmental boundary layer flow is utilized for these simulations. Such a tunnel has a long approach section through which the air flows on its way to the test section where a scaled model of the building is installed. The floor of the approach section is fitted with roughness elements designed and adjusted to produce a boundary layer which properly replicates the vertical profile of wind speed and turbulence in the real atmosphere.

A scale model of the building(s) to be tested is placed on a turntable in the wind tunnel test section and rotated to the desired wind direction. The flow over the model is then a scaled simulation of the flow over the building in the real atmosphere. Any of the parameters of the flow (air velocity, pressure, turbulence, etc.) of interest can be measured in the wind tunnel flow and scaled to their values in the real atmosphere. In particular, for this study, the concentrations of air pollutants exhausted into the atmosphere can be determined by introducing precise tracer gases into the simulated exhaust flows from stacks in the model. Concentrations of the tracer gases measured at receptor locations in the model can then be scaled to their corresponding values in the real atmosphere.

Specific information regarding the approach in this study is given below in Section 5.

3.2 Scaling

The requirements for achieving accurate environmental boundary layer wind tunnel simulations of exhaust stack plume dispersion are as follows (EPA, 1981; EPA, 1985, Cermak, 1975):


Use a consistent geometric scale factor. In this study, the length scale is 1:200. One foot in the model represents 200 feet in the full scale.

Ensure fully turbulent wake flow. The “building” Reynolds number should exceed 11,000.

Match the momentum ratio in the full scale and model scale. The momentum ratio is the ratio of momentum flux from the stack flow to the momentum flux of the wind at stack height.

Ensure fully turbulent jet flow from the modeled stacks. This is accomplished using sufficiently high flow rates (stack Reynolds number exceeding 2,000 for turbulent jets and 670 for buoyant plumes) or trips in the stack to trigger turbulent flow.

Match the buoyancy ratio in the full scale and model scale. Ensure a neutrally stable atmosphere in the wind tunnel. This occurs naturally in the

absence of artificial heating or cooling of the surface of the wind tunnel. Ensure the wind speed and turbulence profiles in the wind tunnel match those

expected in the real world when scaled to full scale.

3.3 Safe and Tolerable Concentrations

Safe and tolerable levels for chemicals can have a range of definitions depending on the group exposed, the activity involved, the duration of potential exposures, and the environment. For purposes of this type of design, the definitions of two official bodies concerned with exposures in the work place are typically chosen: the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

These concentration values have to be used with their limitations in mind. First, the values are meant to protect the average healthy working population for an exposure period of 8-10 hours per day for a 40-hour work week, and, second, the values were chosen as guidelines at which significant and lasting health effects would not occur during the working lifetime of the employees. These limits were not intended to be an all-inclusive protection level for all people and/or animals. They specifically are not applicable to the more sensitive, predisposed receptors such as children, the elderly, already otherwise impaired individuals or animals, nor for extended exposures for more than the average work day or work week.

Estimated accidental emission rates can be calculated for common accident scenarios. Typically these estimates assume 1) evaporation of a spilled liquid (calculated according to a “simplified method” (ignoring heat transfer correction factors) ); or 2) a 60-second evacuation of a lecture bottle or evacuation of the smallest cylinder normally available from commercial suppliers in a similarly short time period. These accidental release scenarios can generally be expected to provide the highest concentration thresholds likely to occur from accidental spills and gas releases not involving chemical reactions. However, if processes or chemical reactions which are capable of producing higher emissions rates of toxic air pollutants are expected to occur in the facility, they should be evaluated separately.

In lieu of individually evaluating each laboratory, two professional organizations have published recommended standards for “typical” laboratories. Both of these groups (ASHRAE and ASSE/AIHA) recommend a design criteria of 400 (μg m-3)/(g s-1).


To facilitate the interpretation of wind tunnel dispersion measurements for specific chemical releases, we begin by noting that we are asking the question “Does the concentration (C) of the chemical exceed its threshold limit value (TLV)?” That is,

C ? TLV

Dividing both sides by the emission rate (Q), we obtain

C

Q

?

TLV

Q .

Now, the concentration divided by the emission rate (C/Q) is a function only of the transport and dispersion, and the threshold limit value divided by the emission rate (TLV/Q) is a function only of the chemical being considered. The quantity C/Q is called the “normalized concentration.”

The quantity C/Q is obtained from the wind tunnel tests by dividing the concentration measured at a receptor by the emission rate of the source being tested where both values have been converted to full scale. The units are

C

Q [=]

sg

mg

/

/ 3

The quantity C/Q may then be interpreted as the concentrations at the receptor in micrograms per cubic meter when the source is emitting at a rate of 1 gram per second. To obtain an actual concentration value, C/Q is multiplied by the emission rate (Q) for the source. Each chemical release scenario is characterized by a single value of TLV/Q. The units of TLV/Q are the same as those for C/Q.

Once a wind tunnel test has been performed for a given meteorological condition, the C/Q values are known for the source/receptor combinations tested. To see if the threshold limit value at a particular receptor would be exceeded for a particular chemical release scenario, one need only compare the values of C/Q and TLV/Q. If C/Q is greater than TLV/Q, the threshold limit value would be exceeded. To determine the concentration for a different emission rate, the reported concentrations must be multiplied by the actual emission rate in g/s. For example, if it is known that 0.5 g/s of a certain chemical will be released from one of the stacks, the concentration would be 0.5 times the normalized concentrations reported for that stack.

3.4 Dilution vs Normalized Concentrations

Dilution and normalized concentration are used to specify the degree to which the concentration of a pollutant in an exhaust plume is reduced due to the addition of unpolluted air to the plume. Dilution is defined as the ratio of the concentration of a pollutant in the plume at a certain location to the concentration of that pollutant in the stack.

Cx,y,z/Cstack

where C = {mass of pollutant}/{volume of air}

Dilution is more familiar to most people and is most useful when the emission rate of the pollutant is proportional to total flow of exhaust air. The exhaust from a diesel engine is a good example of such a case. When the engine speed is doubled, the total exhaust flow and the


emission rate of a pollutant (say, particulates or NOx) are approximately doubled. The concentration of the pollutant in the exhaust stack is about the same in each case.

Normalized concentration is defined as the concentration of a pollutant at a certain location in the plume divided by (normalized by) the emission rate of that pollutant.

C/E3

where E = mass rate at which the pollutant is emitted from the stack.

The normalized concentration is more useful when the emission rate of the pollutant is independent of the exhaust flow rate. A good example of this is the typical exhaust system for a collection of laboratory fume hoods. If a volatile liquid is spilled in one of the fume hoods, the rate of evaporation is primarily a function of temperature and ventilation rate of that fume hood. The emission rate does not depend on the flow of clean air from other fume hoods which are manifolded in the exhaust system or to the flow of clean air which may be added to the exhaust stream at the roof. The parameters of direct interest in this scenario are the concentration of the pollutant which a receptor is exposed to at some location in the plume and the emission rate of the spilled liquid in the fume hood. If dilution were to be used to describe this scenario, we would also need to include the concentration of the pollutant at the exit of the stack. This concentration is easily calculated as E/F where F is the total exhaust flow from the exit plane of the stack. However, if the design criteria were to be specified in terms of dilution, we would have to change the specification of design criteria for each stack with a different flow. This becomes cumbersome and potentially confusing. As a result, both the ASHRAE and the ANSI Z9.5 documents elect to use normalized concentration rather than dilution to specify acceptable design criteria for laboratory fume hood exhaust systems.

It is worth noting that the normalized concentration and dilution are related as follows:

Cx,y,z/E = Cx,y,z/(Cstack x F) = D/F

Both dilution and normalized concentration are directly available from wind tunnel testing, and the choice of which to use is a matter of convenience in presentation and ease of understanding the results.

3.5 Pedestrian-Level Winds

High pedestrian-level winds can make outdoor locations uncomfortable or unsafe. Testing and analysis of the pedestrian wind environment was performed here in accordance with the recommendations of ASCE (2004). The ASCE methodology classifies each location as acceptable or unacceptable for a variety of activities based on research conducted on human comfort and safety.

Table 4 from ASCE (2004) is reproduced as TABLE 8 in this report to show the criteria used for comfort evaluations. The 20%-probability version of the criteria was used here as shown in the far right hand column. The 5% version of the criteria is intended to be equivalent to the 20% criteria, but is considered less useful in communicating result to the lay population.

3 In atmospheric dispersion literature, the notation Χ/Q is generally used for normalized concentration. The C/E notation is used here for consistency with ASHRAE publications.


Referring to the table, if the wind speed at a given location exceeds 3.9 m/s (8.7 mph) more than 20% of the time, that location is deemed uncomfortable for standing or sitting. These criteria are applied to both the mean wind speed and to a “gust equivalent mean” wind speed recommended by ASCE to account for the shorter duration, higher wind speed events produced by gusty conditions. If either the mean wind criteria or the gust wind speed criteria are violated, the location is deemed uncomfortable for that category of activity.

The ASCE safety criteria is that a 3-second gust of 25 m/s (56 mph) must occur no more than two or three times per year. This is equivalent to the 0.1% probability level. Additional probability levels (0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%) have been included in this analysis to assist in analyzing the impact of events which exceed the ASCE primary criteria.

For each pedestrian-level wind location, measurements are taken in the wind tunnel of the ratio of the local wind speed to the free stream speed in the wind tunnel. These ratios are constant for all wind speeds, and are measured for each wind direction. This provides the modification of the free stream winds by the building under test and its surroundings. These data are then combined with the local wind climatology to obtain the wind speed statistics at each location. These statistics are then compared to the ASCE recommended criteria to determine the safety and acceptability of the tested locations for various activities.


4 Design Criteria

The design criteria are the normalized concentration or dilution limits that allow acceptable levels of exposure to potentially toxic or odorous pollutants from the exhaust. The rationale for selecting the design criteria used for this testing are described in this section.

4.1 Laboratory Exhaust

The design criteria chosen for the fume hood and laboratory exhaust for ISB & CUP is 400 (μg m-3)/(g s-1). This is recommended by both ASHRAE4 (American Society of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineers) and ANSI/AIHA Z9.5-20125 (American National Standards Institute / American Industrial Hygiene Association) for laboratory exhaust. This criteria is based on analysis of the type described in Section 3.3 by technical committees experienced with the design of laboratory exhaust systems. This criteria has been widely used for laboratory exhaust design for several years and has become a level of performance expected by researchers and laboratory workers as they move between facilities.

4.2 Cooling Tower Exhaust

There is no specific criteria for the cooling tower exhaust dilution. Rather, the minimum dilution of the plume is measured and reported at the cooling tower intakes and at the building outside air intakes. These values allow 1) calculating the impact of plume re-circulation on the efficiency of the cooling tower and 2) calculating the maximum airborne concentration of water treatment chemicals at the outside air intakes based on the chemical treatment regime and the drift emission rate of the cooling tower.

4.3 Diesel Emergency Generator Exhaust

4.3.1 Untreated Exhaust

The primary concern with diesel exhaust is the potential for causing objectionable odors. Since the perception of objectionable odors varies greatly from one person to another within the general population, it is typically quantified in terms of a level of plume dilution which will result in the plume being deemed objectionable by a given percentage of the population. Vanderheyden, et al. (1994) found that 20 percent of the population find a diesel exhaust objectionable at a 1:2,000 dilution. Cernansky (1983) found the 20-percent level to be 1:4,000. In order to allow some margin and to achieve a lower percentage of the population finding the odor objectionable, a 1:6,000 level was selected for use in this study. For health risks, the primary pollutant of concern is NOx. The design criteria for NOx exposures is approximately 1:60. So if the odor criteria is met, the health criteria is also met.

Generators, such as that tested here, which comply with the EPA Tier 2 diesel emissions regulation are thought to produce about 40 percent less odorous emissions. This is based on an analysis by AAT of two comparable diesel generators—one installed prior to the Tier 2 requirement and the other installed after the Tier 2 requirement. An analysis of the emissions of hydrocarbons and particulates from the two generators conservatively showed a 40-percent

4 2011 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications, Chapter 16. 5 Published April 26, 2012 by the American Industrial Hygiene Association with the American Society of Safety Engineers. Authorized by the American National Standards Institute.


reduction in odorous emission. Accordingly, the design criteria for the Tier 2 generator tested here is a minimum plume dilution of 1:3,600.

4.3.2 Catalytic Converter

Catalytic converters capable of removing at least 80 percent of the odorous pollutants from diesel exhaust are commercially available. If such a converter is installed on the exhaust of a Tier 2-qualified generator, the design criteria becomes 1:720.


5 Test Methodology

5.1 Scale Model

A 1:200 scale model was constructed for the dispersion wind tunnel tests in AAT’s wind tunnel in Fort Collins, Colorado. Figure 16 and Figure 17 show the model installed in the AAT wind tunnel ready for testing.

Stacks in the model were constructed of brass tubes properly scaled and fitted with in-stack trips to generate fully turbulent flow. The stacks were supplied with mixtures of sulfur hexafluoride, helium and compressed air to produce neutrally buoyant gas mixtures as tracers. The stack parameters for all tests are provided in TABLE 1. The modeled stack locations are shown in Figure 4 through Figure 8.

Air sampling receptors were installed on the ISB & CUP and on the surrounding buildings, structures and grounds. Receptor locations are described in Section 2.5 above.

5.2 Wind Tunnel Instrumentation

All dispersion testing was carried out in Ambient Air Technologies’ closed-circuit boundary layer wind tunnel. The wind tunnel is 180 feet in length with a 12-foot wide test section. The length of the approach section upwind of the test section is 120 feet, allowing for an accurate representation of the environmental boundary-layer conditions at the project site. The atmospheric boundary layer is the region of air flow located from ground level to the height at which the mean air speed is unaffected by surface disturbances. A simulated boundary layer was produced in the wind tunnel utilizing fields of roughness elements placed on the floor of the wind tunnel upstream of the model. Mean velocity and turbulence profiles were taken just upwind of the model turntable to verify that an appropriate boundary layer simulation was achieved both for directions where the approach was over suburban areas and for directions where the approach was primarily over water. The results of these tests are presented in Figure 18.

Normalized concentrations for each of the test runs were obtained using instrumentation and tracer gases certified traceable to NIST. After the desired atmospheric conditions are established in the wind tunnel, the test procedure consists of the following steps:

Setting the proper tunnel wind speed Releasing a metered mixture of source gas of the required density from the stacks Withdrawing samples of air from the tunnel at designated receptor locations, and Analyzing tracer gas concentrations of the samples.

5.3 Test Strategy

The objective of the testing is to identify and quantify the significant maximum normalized concentrations at each receptor due to the exhaust plume from each tested source. If it is known that the concentration will be significantly below the design criteria, there is no point in testing to quantitatively determine the concentration. For example, an upwind receptor in a simple flow condition will not be affected by downwind emission sources.


From a practical point of view, it is not useful to test all combinations of the study parameters. As such, a logical strategy is required to ensure that all tests of practical importance are included in the study. The strategy for this study is described in this section.

In general, the approach was to first use smoke visualization tests to determine the general flow phenomena governing the project so that a reasonable number of concentration tests could be specified to accomplish the objectives of the study. For each stack, visualization tests were used to identify the worst case wind directions (the wind directions likely to produce the highest concentrations). The visualization tests were conducted at a simulated wind speed which achieved the maximum bending over of the exhaust plume consistent with the parameters of the study. A practical limitation on wind speed which should be tested is imposed by the highest stack top winds observed in the wind climatology. A reasonable maximum for this project is 16.8 knots at the top of the exhaust stacks.

Most tests were run at a simulated full scale wind speeds of up to 19 mph. Tests at lower wind speeds were performed in cases where the normalized concentrations at higher speeds indicated the possibility of significant values at lesser speeds. Note that for normally configured stacks and receptors, the normalized concentration at 10 mph will be, at most, 2 times that at 20 mph. So if, as is the case for most of the stack/receptor combinations tested here, the critical wind speed will be above 10 mph, only normalized concentration measurements which could be significant if multiplied by two require testing at lower wind speeds. When similar stacks are located in close proximity (such as the set of exhausts on the ISB.), it is not productive to test all of them. Testing one stack in the pair provides the range of results representative of all stacks in the group.


Wind speed and turbulence intensity (or equivalently, RMS wind speed) were measured at each location using a high-response hot film anemometer. These measurements were taken at each of the 16 points of the compass and processed as described in Section 3.5 above.


6 Results

6.1 Exhaust Plume Dispersion

The results of the quantitative concentration runs for the final configuration are displayed on a run-by-run basis in Appendix A. Appendix A gives the full scale normalized concentrations or dilutions measured for each run. A run consists of the test of a single exhaust for a single wind condition (speed and direction). Up to 11 receptors may be tested as part of a single run. If the entry for a receptor is blank, it was not tested in that run. An entry of “<” indicates the concentration was less than the measurement threshold of the precision tracer gas system. Numerical entries indicate the full scale normalized concentration measured in the run in units of (μg m-3)/(g s-1) or dilutions where, for example, 1:2,345 is shown as 2,345 or 2.3E+3. Results for the vivarium exhausts, diesel generator exhaust, cooling tower exhaust and loading dock emissions are shown as dilutions. All other results are shown as normalized concentrations. Exhaust stacks are defined in TABLE 1. Receptor numbers are defined in TABLE 2.

6.2 ISB Exhausts

6.2.1 Laboratory Exhaust

The ISB laboratory exhaust stacks were found to provide maximum normalized concentrations of 40 (μg m-3)/(g s-1)—1/10th of the ASHRAE design criteria for laboratory exhaust. (See TABLE 3.) Applying rescaling calculations to the wind tunnel test results, it was determined that the minimum safe flow from these exhaust stacks is expected to be about 5,000 cfm per stack—about an eight-to-one turndown. Once the actual minimum flow is determined by the design team, confirmatory testing will be performed to provide due-diligence verification of the safety of the exhaust dispersion at the maximum turndown. These results are valid for exhaust stacks of 48 inches or less diameter and extending to at least 10 feet above the penthouse roof.

Since the safe turndown is so large, it should be possible to set up an operations sequence that does not require significant amounts of bypass flow. As a result, use of a wind-responsive exhaust fan control system would not save significant fan energy.

6.2.1 Cooling Tower Plume

The minimum dilution of the cooling tower plumes was measured at 1:935 at the cooling tower intake. This means that, at most, 0.11 percent of the air entering the cooling tower intake is composed of air from the cooling tower plume. This will have an insignificant impact on cooling tower efficiency. (See TABLE 4.)

Plumes at the top deck of the parking structure were found to be diluted by a minimum of about 1:1,000. We also found little impact from the plumes at the plaza between ISB and the parking garage or between the Student Center and the Athletics building. The Child Care Center was also not significantly impacted.

Note that all of the above results assume the cooling towers, especially their drift eliminators, are maintained in good condition. If the drift eliminators are allowed to deteriorate, the potential for water deposition (and potential icing) on the parking structure or the plaza can increase significantly.


6.2.2 Boiler Exhaust

The wind tunnel testing results in TABLE 5 show that the boiler flues provide acceptable dispersion, providing safe and odor-free air quality and all locations off the CUP roof. The 7-foot-tall boiler flues should provide safe air quality for workers on the roof. Workers should take the normal precaution of avoiding prolonged direct exposure to the warm plumes within about 10 feet of the flues.

6.2.3 Diesel Emergency Generator Exhaust

The approximately 1,500 kW diesel emergency generator planned just east of the new Student Union was found to cause widespread obnoxious odors as shown in TABLE 6. The diesel generator exhaust will cause odors at a number of locations including the air intakes for the Student Union, the Integrated Science Building and the athletic building unless it is equipped with a catalytic converter capable of removing at least 80 percent of the odorous pollutants. An alternative to a catalytic converter would be to schedule routine testing to avoid adverse wind conditions. If this approach is taken, there is a likelihood depending on current wind conditions that odors will be experienced inside one of these buildings during an actual power outage. This may be a reasonable alternative for the Developer with almost no cost impact. Note that there are no health-related concerns at the exhaust concentrations we measured.

6.2.4 Diesel Delivery Vehicle Exhaust

Exhaust from diesel delivery vehicles idling at the loading dock were found not to cause odors at most locations of concern. (See TABLE 7.) However, outside air intakes serving the new Student Union can experience odors if two or more diesel delivery vehicles are idling at the loading dock under certain wind conditions. This could be mitigated by having the drivers of diesel vehicles turn their engines off while at the dock.

6.3 Exhaust from Neighboring Buildings

No sources of hazardous or odorous emissions were found close enough to be of concern at the project location.


6.4.1 Safety

None of the locations tested in the vicinity of the ISB & CUP were found to be unsafe due to wind conditions.

6.4.2 Comfort

TABLE 9 also shows the suitability of wind conditions for various activities at each tested location. The table shows that 1 of the 19 locations tested was found acceptable for Sitting according to the ASCE criteria; 12 were found acceptable for Standing; 19 were found acceptable for Strolling; and 19 were found acceptable for Purposeful Walking. These results


are also summarized in Figure 15 where green dots indicate locations suitable for Sitting (according to the ASCE criteria), yellow dots show locations suitable for Standing, and orange dots show locations suitable for Strolling. Note that the category the location is found suitable for is the least challenging category it fits into. For example, a location with an orange dot (suitable for Strolling) would not be suitable for Standing or Sitting.

Receptor 19 at Green Hall was included to provide a comparison to an existing condition that is unlikely to change with the new construction. Mitigation to reduce the windiness at selected locations can be accomplished using dense plantings of trees and/or large bushes to slow the wind. Free-standing hardscape walls can also provide effective mitigation. Walls used for wind mitigations should be porous to the wind, at least at the edges of the walls, to avoid creating strong turbulent eddies which have the potential to exasperate wind comfort issues.

6.5 Video Clips

The DVD which accompanies this report contains video clips of selected flow visualization runs in files formatted as .wmv files for inclusion in PowerPoint presentations. Appendix B lists the clips available with a brief description of each. The DVD also contains the .pdf file of this report as well as a set of still photos used in the report included as .jpg files with numbers corresponding to the figures in the written report.


7 Conclusions and Recommendations

The wind tunnel testing of the design for Integrated Science Building 1 and New Central Utility Plant to be built at the University of Kansas produced the following major conclusions and recommendations:

Laboratory Exhausts. Wind tunnel testing of the ISB laboratory exhausts showed acceptable plume dispersion from the exhaust stacks as designed and with flows as low as 5,000 cfm per stack.

Cooling Tower. The minimum dilution of the cooling tower at its own intakes was found to be 1:935. This means that, at most, 0.11 percent of the air entering the cooling tower intakes would be from the cooling tower exhaust plume. This will not significantly degrade cooling tower efficiency. Other locations of concern will experience at least 1:1,000 minimum plume dilutions. This should avoid icing issues on the top deck of the new parking garage. Note that these conclusions rely on the cooling towers being properly maintained to ensure the efficiency of their drift eliminators.

Boiler Exhaust. Wind tunnel testing of the boiler exhaust showed the plumes will not cause odors in locations of concern. The seven-foot-tall flues should provide safe air quality for roof workers. Workers should take the normal precaution of avoiding prolonged direct exposure to the warm plumes within about 10 feet of the flues.

Diesel Generator Exhaust. The 1,500-kW emergency diesel generator was found to cause widespread objectionable odors. These can be mitigated by scheduling routine testing to avoid adverse wind conditions or by installing a catalytic converter capable of removing at least 80 percent of the odorous pollutants in the exhaust stream.

Delivery Vehicle Exhaust. The diesel exhaust from delivery vehicles idling at the loading dock were not found to cause odors at most locations of concern. The Student Union outside air intakes can experience odors if two or more trucks are idling in certain wind conditions. These odors can be mitigated by have the drivers of diesel vehicles turn off their engines while at the dock.

Pedestrian-Level Winds. The pedestrian-level winds were found to be relatively benign. None of the locations tested were found to be unsafe due to wind conditions. Eighteen of the 19 locations were found suitable for Strolling (according to the ASCE criteria). Seven were also found suitable for Standing. If these locations need to be suitable for Sitting, they can be made so using dense foliage (small trees and shrubs) or porous hardscape wall to disrupt the air flow.


8 References

ACGIH, Guide to Occupational Exposure Values – 2004, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2004.

ANSI/AIHA, American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation; Standard Z9.5-2003. American National Standards Institute/American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2003.

ASCE, Outdoor Human Comfort and Its Assessment, American Society of Civil Engineers Task Committee on outdoor Human Comfort of the Aerodynamics Committee, Reston, VA, 2003.

ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Applications. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, 1996.

Cermak, J.E., “Applications of Fluid Mechanics to Wind Engineering,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 97, p. 9, 1975.

EPA, “Guideline for Fluid Modeling of Atmospheric Diffusion,” U.S. EPA, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Report No. EPA-600/8-81-009, 1981.

EPA, “Guideline for Determination of Good Engineering Practice Stack Height (Technical Support Document for the Stack Height Regulation),” U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA 45014-80-023R, 1985.

Simiu, E, 1972. “Logarithmic Profiles and Design Wind Speeds,” J. Eng, Mech. Div., ASCE, Vol. 99, No. EM5, Proc Paper 10100 (Oct. 1973) 1073-1083.

Vanderheyden, M.D., D.S. Chadder and A.E. Davies, “A Novel Methodology for Predicting the Impact of Model Sources on Air Quality,” presented at the 87th

FIGURES


Figure 1. Rendering of ISB, Student Union, CUP and parking structure


Figure 2. Aerial view of project site with red circle showing the edge of the model turntable


Figure 3. Topeka Billard Wind Rose (Average wind speed = 8.08 knots; one-percent wind speed = 22.4 knots)


Figure 4. Laboratory exhaust stacks on ISB penthouse roof

Figure 5. Cooling towers and boiler flues on ISB roof


Figure 6. Loading dock

Figure 7. Diesel generator east of new Student Union


Figure 8. Stack locations

Figure 9. Outside air intakes on north wall of ISB penthouse


Figure 10. Outside air intakes at south wall of new Student Union

Figure 11. Pedestrian-level receptor on top deck of new parking garage


Figure 12. Athletics building outside air intake (R18), pedestrian receptor on roof of athletic building (R17), and ground-level receptors in walkway north of athletics building

(R15, R17)

Figure 13. Outside air intake on roof of basketball arena


Figure 14. Receptor locations


Figure 15. Ped wind locations and results


Figure 16. Model in wind tunnel looking northeast

Figure 17. Model in wind tunnel ready for testing looking north


Figure 18. Approach flow & turbulence

TABLES


TABLE 1. EXHAUST SOURCES


TABLE 2. RECEPTORS


TABLE 2. RECEPTORS (continued)


TABLE 3. MAXIMUM NORMALIZED CONCENTRATIONS DUE TO THE ISB LABORATORY EXHAUST STACKS


TABLE 4. MINIMUM DILUTION OF COOLING TOWER PLUMES


TABLE 5. MINIMUM DILUTIONS OF CUP BOILER PLUMES

TABLE 6. MINIMUM DILUTIONS OF EXHAUST PLUMES FROM THE DIESEL EMERGENCY GENERATOR

TABLE 7. MINIMUM DILUTIONS OF EXHAUST PLUMES FROM DIESEL DELIVERY VEHICLES AT THE LOADING DOCK


TABLE 8. ASCE PEDESTRIAN COMFORT CRITERIA

Comfort

Level Guideline

Activity

Comfort Ranges for

Ū and UGEM

5% probability

Descriptions of

Wind Effects

Approximate Corresponding Ranges for Ū and UGEM at 20% probability

C1+ Exceeds

Comfort Criteria

> 10 m/s Umbrellas used with difficulty

Hair blown straight Difficult to walk

straight Wind noise on

ears unpleasant

>6.8 m/s

(>15.2 mph)

C1 Walking Purposefully or Business

Walking

0 – 10 m/s Force of wind felt on body

Trees in leaf begin to move

Limit of agreeable wind on land

0 – 6.8 m/s

(0-15.2 mph)

C2 Strolling or Window

Shopping

0 – 8 m/s Moderate, raises dust, loose paper

Hair disarranged Small branches

move

0 – 5.4 m/s

(0-12.1 mph)

C3 Standing or Sitting – short

exposure

0 – 6 m/s Hair is disturbed, clothing flaps

Light leaves and twigs in motion

Wind extends lightweight flag

0 – 3.9 m/s

(0-8.7 mph)

C4 Standing or Sitting – long

exposure

0 – 4 m/s Light wind felt on face

Leaves rustle

0 – 2.6 m/s

(0-5.8 mph)

Source: “Outdoor Human Comfort and Its Assessment,” ASCE Task Committee on Outdoor Human Comfort of the Aerodynamics Committee, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2004.


TABLE 9. ASCE PEDESTRIAN COMFORT AND SAFETY CLASSIFICATIONS

TABLE 10. AMPLIFICATION RATIOS

APPENDIX A

RUN-BY-RUN DATA

APPENDIX A - PROJECT 15121 KU CENTRAL DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT

RUN-BY-RUN CONCENTRATION RESULTSWIND FULL SCALE CONCENTRATION

FLOW STACK SPEED (μg m-3 / g s-1)RUN STACK RATE HT (ft) WIND (mph) LOAD

# ID (cfm) (full scale) DIR (full scale) (%) RECEPTORS1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 37 38

1 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 19 4 20 13 32 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 230 19 13 31 27 313 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 240 19 23 29 33 214 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 250 19 16 14 14 95 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 260 19 10 6 10 46 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 250 25 8 2 7 107 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 240 25 9 11 17 128 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 230 25 8 13 20 99 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 25 4 8 4 <

10 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 15 < 4 3 <11 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 230 15 12 11 6 812 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 240 15 8 16 25 1913 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 250 15 12 18 14 814 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 260 15 7 7 8 1015 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 180 15 <16 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 15 <17 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 15 218 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 15 <19 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 15 <20 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 19 <21 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 19 422 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 19 423 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 25 424 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 25 <25 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 25 <26 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 10 <27 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 10 <28 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 10 <29 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 1530 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 1531 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 180 1532 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 1533 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 1534 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 1935 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 180 1936 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 1937 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 1938 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 1939 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 2540 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 2541 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 2542 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 2543 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 2544 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 210 2545 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 2546 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 210 1947 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 1948 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 1549 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 210 1550 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 1551 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 130 1552 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 120 1553 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 110 1554 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 100 1555 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 110 1956 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 120 1957 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 130 1958 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 120 2559 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 110 2560 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 110 19 < <61 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 100 19 < <62 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 90 19 < <63 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 80 19 5 <64 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 70 19 7 <65 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 60 19 2 766 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 50 19 < <67 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 30 19 < < < <68 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 20 19 < < < <69 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 10 19 < 10 < <70 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 0 19 < 15 < <71 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 350 19 < 2 < 10

WINDFLOW STACK SPEED

RUN STACK RATE HT (ft) WIND (mph) LOAD# ID (cfm) (full scale) DIR (full scale) (%)

42 44 45 47 48 49 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 63 71 72 831 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 192 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 230 193 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 240 194 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 250 195 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 260 196 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 250 257 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 240 258 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 230 259 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 25

10 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 1511 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 230 1512 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 240 1513 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 250 1514 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 260 1515 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 180 15 < < <16 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 15 < < 717 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 15 25 6 4018 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 15 20 23 2719 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 15 5 20 120 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 19 < 17 621 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 19 23 22 1822 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 19 11 < 2223 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 25 7 < 1424 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 25 7 14 1325 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 25 < 4 1026 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 10 1 4 527 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 10 2 12 2228 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 10 5 8 2229 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 15 20 19 12 930 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 15 22 32 32 1831 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 180 15 7 14 15 2632 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 15 < < 13 3333 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 15 < < < 1734 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 19 < < < 2835 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 180 19 9 4 15 2536 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 19 15 22 19 1637 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 19 24 25 7 <38 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 150 19 < 4 < <39 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 160 25 6 13 6 740 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 170 25 6 14 9 441 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 25 < < < 1842 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 190 25 5 < <43 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 25 21 20 344 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 210 25 < 12 1245 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 220 25 < < <46 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 210 19 8 23 2647 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 19 19 24 1548 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 200 15 13 34 2849 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 210 15 10 35 3750 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 140 15 < < <51 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 130 15 < < <52 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 120 15 < < <53 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 110 15 < < 254 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 100 15 < < <55 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 110 19 < < <56 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 120 19 < < <57 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 130 19 < < <58 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 120 25 < < <59 ISB LAB 1 45,000 10 110 25 < < <60 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 110 19 < < <61 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 100 19 < < <62 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 90 19 < < <63 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 80 19 < 14 1164 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 70 19 6 < 765 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 60 19 3 < <66 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 50 19 < < <67 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 30 1968 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 20 1969 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 10 1970 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 0 1971 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 350 19

RECEPTORS1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 37 38

72 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 340 19 < 1 14 1673 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 330 19 < < 17 <74 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 320 19 < < 2 <75 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 310 19 18 < < <76 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 300 19 31 < < <77 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 290 19 26 < < <78 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 280 19 579 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 250 19 18 16 17 1780 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 240 19 34 31 29 3081 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 230 19 36 29 34 3782 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 220 19 2 8 2 183 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 230 1984 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 220 1985 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 210 1986 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 200 1987 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 190 1988 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 180 1989 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 170 1990 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 160 1991 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 150 1992 CT 3 22,340 130 14 < <93 CT 3 22,340 140 14 22,489 <94 CT 3 22,340 150 14 6,012 50,61595 CT 3 22,340 160 14 7,068 <96 CT 3 22,340 170 14 < <97 CT 3 22,340 180 14 < <98 CT 3 22,340 190 14 < <99 CT 3 22,340 200 14 126,157 <100 CT 3 22,340 210 14 126,157 <101 CT 3 22,340 220 14 < 7,716102 CT 3 22,340 230 14 < 2,352103 CT 3 22,340 240 14 < 1,906104 CT 3 22,340 250 14 17,758105 CT 3 44,680 240 14 8,533106 CT 3 44,680 210 14 <107 CT 3 44,680 200 14 17,758108 CT 3 44,680 160 14 22,489109 CT 3 44,680 150 14 12,415110 CT 3 89,700 150 14 <111 CT 3 89,700 200 14 <112 CT 3 89,700 240 14 4,396113 CT 3 89,700 240 14 < 41,938 < <114 CT 3 89,700 250 14 10,737 26,808 < 12,632115 CT 3 89,700 260 14 2,482 2,263 6,150 2,340116 CT 3 89,700 270 14 2,482 1,498 2,785 2,576117 CT 3 89,700 280 14 1,322 1,757 1,853 1,670118 CT 3 89,700 290 14 2,903 7,429 2,482 3,172119 CT 3 89,700 300 14 < < 41,938 <120 CT 3 44,680 290 14 < < 26,808 26,808121 CT 3 44,680 280 14 < < 2,122 3,326122 CT 3 44,680 270 14 6,150 3,819 9,336 4,296123 CT 3 44,680 260 14 3,495 3,495 12,632 12,632124 CT 3 22,340 260 14 3,819 4,582 3,918 <125 CT 3 22,340 270 14 4,897 8,291 3,172 12,632126 CT 3 22,340 280 14 7,429 4,897 7,429 12,632127 CT 3 22,340 290 14 41,938 < < <128 CT 3 22,340 290 14 15,337 < < < <129 CT 3 22,340 300 14 < < < < <130 CT 3 22,340 280 14 < < < < <131 CT 3 22,340 310 14 1.E+05 < < < <132 CT 3 22,340 320 14 4,296 < < < <133 CT 3 22,340 330 14 1,405 < < 10,737 <134 CT 3 22,340 340 14 1,466 4,296 4,044 8,291 <135 CT 3 22,340 350 14 4,296 1,149 15,337 < 10,737136 CT 3 22,340 0 14 < 935 < < 26,808137 CT 3 22,340 10 14 < 1,099 < < <138 CT 3 22,340 20 14 < 3,172 < < <139 CT 3 44,680 0 14 < 2,482 1.E+05 < 1,434140 CT 3 44,680 350 14 5,245 1,498 3,032 < 2,676141 CT 3 44,680 340 14 2,058 9,336 1,853 3,819 15,337142 CT 3 44,680 330 14 3,495 < < 9,336 <143 CT 3 89,700 330 14 10,737 3,326 <144 CT 3 89,700 340 14 2,676 1,803 6,729145 CT 3 89,700 350 14 1,130 < 1,532146 CT 3 89,700 0 14 4,582 < 1,233147 CT 1 89,700 10 14 < < <

42 44 45 47 48 49 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 63 71 72 8372 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 340 1973 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 330 1974 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 320 1975 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 310 1976 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 300 1977 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 290 1978 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 280 1979 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 250 1980 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 240 1981 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 230 1982 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 220 1983 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 230 19 < < < < 484 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 220 19 < < < < 1785 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 210 19 < < < < 3786 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 200 19 < < < 15 987 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 190 19 < < < 29 588 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 180 19 < 7 22 17 289 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 170 19 17 30 27 15 190 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 160 19 36 30 4 < <91 ISB LAB 5 45,000 10 150 19 19 < < < <92 CT 3 22,340 130 1493 CT 3 22,340 140 1494 CT 3 22,340 150 1495 CT 3 22,340 160 1496 CT 3 22,340 170 1497 CT 3 22,340 180 1498 CT 3 22,340 190 1499 CT 3 22,340 200 14100 CT 3 22,340 210 14101 CT 3 22,340 220 14102 CT 3 22,340 230 14103 CT 3 22,340 240 14104 CT 3 22,340 250 14105 CT 3 44,680 240 14106 CT 3 44,680 210 14107 CT 3 44,680 200 14108 CT 3 44,680 160 14109 CT 3 44,680 150 14110 CT 3 89,700 150 14111 CT 3 89,700 200 14112 CT 3 89,700 240 14113 CT 3 89,700 240 14114 CT 3 89,700 250 14115 CT 3 89,700 260 14116 CT 3 89,700 270 14117 CT 3 89,700 280 14118 CT 3 89,700 290 14119 CT 3 89,700 300 14120 CT 3 44,680 290 14121 CT 3 44,680 280 14122 CT 3 44,680 270 14123 CT 3 44,680 260 14124 CT 3 22,340 260 14125 CT 3 22,340 270 14126 CT 3 22,340 280 14127 CT 3 22,340 290 14128 CT 3 22,340 290 14129 CT 3 22,340 300 14130 CT 3 22,340 280 14131 CT 3 22,340 310 14132 CT 3 22,340 320 14133 CT 3 22,340 330 14134 CT 3 22,340 340 14135 CT 3 22,340 350 14136 CT 3 22,340 0 14137 CT 3 22,340 10 14138 CT 3 22,340 20 14139 CT 3 44,680 0 14140 CT 3 44,680 350 14141 CT 3 44,680 340 14142 CT 3 44,680 330 14143 CT 3 89,700 330 14144 CT 3 89,700 340 14145 CT 3 89,700 350 14146 CT 3 89,700 0 14147 CT 1 89,700 10 14

RECEPTORS1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 37 38

148 CT 1 89,700 0 14 6,729 < 1,941149 CT 1 89,700 350 14 2,676 < 4,044150 CT 1 89,700 340 14 19,513 3,172 <151 CT 1 89,700 330 14 < 2,576 <152 CT 1 89,700 320 14 < < <153 CT 1 22,340 320 14 15,337 <154 CT 1 22,340 330 14 3,326 <155 CT 1 22,340 340 14 1,348 5,662156 CT 1 22,340 350 14 1,211 3,032157 CT 1 22,340 0 14 2,672 2,122158 CT 1 22,340 10 14 6,729 2,263159 CT 1 22,340 20 14 < 4,897160 CT 1 89,700 290 14 15,337 4,296 5,662 3,172161 CT 1 89,700 280 14 2,340 2,190 1,712 3,172162 CT 1 89,700 270 14 1,712 1,757 1,904 1,532163 CT 1 89,700 290 14 3,618 < < <164 CT 1 22,340 230 14 <165 CT 1 22,340 220 14 <166 CT 1 22,340 210 14 7,429167 CT 1 22,340 200 14 9,336168 CT 1 22,340 190 14 <169 CT 1 22,340 160 14 41,938 10,737170 CT 1 22,340 150 14 2,676 <171 CT 1 22,340 140 14 9,336 10,737172 CT 1 22,340 130 14 < 5,662173 CT 1 22,340 120 14 < <174 BOIL 3 2,172 7 180 8 25,402 29,914 29,914 45,907175 BOIL 3 2,172 7 190 8 30,420 33,642 28,048 37,620176 BOIL 3 2,172 7 200 8 69,347 78,327 37,620 52,074177 BOIL 3 2,172 7 210 8 2.E+05 2.E+05 1.E+05 89,525178 BOIL 3 2,172 7 170 8 58,843 58,843 67,623 3.E+05179 BOIL 3 2,172 7 150 8 2.E+05 < 12,347180 BOIL 3 2,172 7 160 8 26,142 94,003 6,374181 BOIL 3 2,172 7 170 8 9,409 11,639 4,430182 BOIL 3 2,172 7 180 8 9,814 5,808 7,085183 BOIL 3 2,172 7 190 8 13,830 8,183 12,347184 BOIL 3 2,172 7 200 8 27,198 10,156 56,991185 BOIL 3 2,172 7 230 8 7,562 13,343 7,562 2.E+05186 BOIL 3 2,172 7 240 8 5,749 5,555 3,324 81,858187 BOIL 3 2,172 7 250 8 5,107 6,028 3,393 67,623188 BOIL 3 2,172 7 260 8 5,585 6,841 3,846 45,907189 BOIL 3 2,172 7 270 8 7,400 8,732 6,760 37,620190 BOIL 3 2,172 7 280 8 13,723 12,764 1.E+04 26,792191 BOIL 3 2,172 7 290 8 1.E+05 60,818 75,086 1.E+05192 BOIL 3 2,172 7 300 8 85,588 133,931 117,495 1.E+07193 BOIL 3 2,172 7 320 8 596 3,324 17,868 43,688194 BOIL 3 2,172 7 330 8 662 1,970 4,353 9,409195 BOIL 3 2,172 7 310 8 765 4,430 25,402 94,003196 BOIL 3 2,172 7 340 8 1,755 3,214 1,820 3,110197 BOIL 3 2,172 7 350 8 10,316 7,596 1,120 2,262198 BOIL 3 2,172 7 0 8 727 3,347199 BOIL 3 2,172 7 10 8 759 3,347200 BOIL 3 2,172 7 20 8 2,187 22,065201 BOIL 3 2,172 7 20 8 < 53,617 58,843202 BOIL 3 2,172 7 10 8 2.E+06 4.E+05 1.E+05203 BOIL 3 2,172 7 0 8 85,588 3.E+05 26,142204 BOIL 3 2,172 7 350 8 21,110 9.E+05 12,672205 BOIL 3 2,172 7 340 8 9,759 21,796 25,047206 BOIL 3 2,172 7 330 8 30,767 14,711 89,525207 BOIL 3 2,172 7 320 8 2.E+05 38,421 1.E+05208 BOIL 1 2,172 7 10 8 26,528 669 81,858209 BOIL 1 2,172 7 0 8 11,487 558 24,366210 BOIL 1 2,172 7 350 8 3,541 851 12,612211 BOIL 1 2,172 7 340 8 1,453 2,240 11,218212 BOIL 1 2,172 7 330 8 960 13,513 34,946213 BOIL 1 2,172 7 320 8 1,019214 BOIL 1 2,172 7 310 8 1,689215 BOIL 1 2,172 7 280 8 15,757 11,795 23,827216 BOIL 1 2,172 7 260 8 6,007 5,159 34,282217 BOIL 1 2,172 7 250 8 4,679 3,151 65,192218 BOIL 1 2,172 7 240 8 4,353 2,957 65,192219 BOIL 1 2,172 7 230 8 6,914 5,159 156,145220 BOIL 1 2,172 7 180 8 9,275 8,988 1,742 517221 BOIL 1 2,172 7 170 8 12,347 5,769 1,245 454222 BOIL 1 2,172 7 160 8 22,912 6,487 1,805 695223 BOIL 1 2,172 7 150 8 < 10,565 3,393 1,045

42 44 45 47 48 49 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 63 71 72 83148 CT 1 89,700 0 14149 CT 1 89,700 350 14150 CT 1 89,700 340 14151 CT 1 89,700 330 14152 CT 1 89,700 320 14153 CT 1 22,340 320 14154 CT 1 22,340 330 14155 CT 1 22,340 340 14156 CT 1 22,340 350 14157 CT 1 22,340 0 14158 CT 1 22,340 10 14159 CT 1 22,340 20 14160 CT 1 89,700 290 14161 CT 1 89,700 280 14162 CT 1 89,700 270 14163 CT 1 89,700 290 14164 CT 1 22,340 230 14165 CT 1 22,340 220 14166 CT 1 22,340 210 14167 CT 1 22,340 200 14168 CT 1 22,340 190 14169 CT 1 22,340 160 14170 CT 1 22,340 150 14171 CT 1 22,340 140 14172 CT 1 22,340 130 14173 CT 1 22,340 120 14174 BOIL 3 2,172 7 180 8175 BOIL 3 2,172 7 190 8176 BOIL 3 2,172 7 200 8177 BOIL 3 2,172 7 210 8178 BOIL 3 2,172 7 170 8179 BOIL 3 2,172 7 150 8180 BOIL 3 2,172 7 160 8181 BOIL 3 2,172 7 170 8182 BOIL 3 2,172 7 180 8183 BOIL 3 2,172 7 190 8184 BOIL 3 2,172 7 200 8185 BOIL 3 2,172 7 230 8186 BOIL 3 2,172 7 240 8187 BOIL 3 2,172 7 250 8188 BOIL 3 2,172 7 260 8189 BOIL 3 2,172 7 270 8190 BOIL 3 2,172 7 280 8191 BOIL 3 2,172 7 290 8192 BOIL 3 2,172 7 300 8193 BOIL 3 2,172 7 320 8194 BOIL 3 2,172 7 330 8195 BOIL 3 2,172 7 310 8196 BOIL 3 2,172 7 340 8197 BOIL 3 2,172 7 350 8198 BOIL 3 2,172 7 0 8199 BOIL 3 2,172 7 10 8200 BOIL 3 2,172 7 20 8201 BOIL 3 2,172 7 20 8202 BOIL 3 2,172 7 10 8203 BOIL 3 2,172 7 0 8204 BOIL 3 2,172 7 350 8205 BOIL 3 2,172 7 340 8206 BOIL 3 2,172 7 330 8207 BOIL 3 2,172 7 320 8208 BOIL 1 2,172 7 10 8209 BOIL 1 2,172 7 0 8210 BOIL 1 2,172 7 350 8211 BOIL 1 2,172 7 340 8212 BOIL 1 2,172 7 330 8213 BOIL 1 2,172 7 320 8214 BOIL 1 2,172 7 310 8215 BOIL 1 2,172 7 280 8216 BOIL 1 2,172 7 260 8217 BOIL 1 2,172 7 250 8218 BOIL 1 2,172 7 240 8219 BOIL 1 2,172 7 230 8220 BOIL 1 2,172 7 180 8221 BOIL 1 2,172 7 170 8222 BOIL 1 2,172 7 160 8223 BOIL 1 2,172 7 150 8

RECEPTORS1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 37 38

224 BOIL 1 2,172 7 170 8 41,041 27,616225 BOIL 1 2,172 7 180 8 22,248 18,359226 BOIL 1 2,172 7 190 8 25,047 33,642227 BOIL 5 2,172 7 190 8 25,402 15,711 2,330 770228 BOIL 5 2,172 7 180 8 18,172 15,087 2,229 1,812229 BOIL 5 2,172 7 170 8 34,946 22,065 5,005 4,470230 BOIL 5 2,172 7 200 8 29,425 21,110 2,994 794231 BOIL 5 2,172 7 290 8 909 1,896 28,951232 BOIL 5 2,172 7 300 8 583 3,032 42,657233 BOIL 5 2,172 7 310 8 632 11,218 2.E+05234 BOIL 5 2,172 7 320 8 522 4,391 53,617235 BOIL 5 2,172 7 330 8 735 1,783 17,014236 BOIL 5 2,172 7 340 8 2,602 1,327 8,408237 BOIL 5 2,172 7 350 8 15,994 979 14,590238 BOIL 5 2,172 7 0 8 14,418 1,920 27,616239 BOIL 5 2,172 7 10 8 < 2,240 48,363240 LOAD 492 12 160 4 1.E+05 3.E+05 5.E+05 5.E+05241 LOAD 492 12 170 4 94,731 1.E+05 2.E+05 2.E+05242 LOAD 492 12 180 4 1.E+05 1.E+05 1.E+05 1.E+05243 LOAD 492 12 190 4 2.E+05 1.E+05 89,555 97,179244 LOAD 492 12 200 4 < 2.E+06 2.E+05 74,170245 LOAD 492 12 210 4 < 1.E+06 2.E+06 6.E+05246 LOAD 492 12 200 6 < 8.E+05 5.E+05 2.E+05247 LOAD 492 12 190 6 7.E+05 6.E+05 3.E+05 2.E+05248 LOAD 492 12 180 6 3.E+05 2.E+05 2.E+05 2.E+05249 LOAD 492 12 170 6 2.E+05 2.E+05 2.E+05 3.E+05250 LOAD 492 12 250 6 8,327 16,153 17,318 5.E+05251 LOAD 492 12 260 6 13,876 17,431 16,153 4.E+05252 LOAD 492 12 240 6 9,765 13,648 11,918 9.E+05253 LOAD 492 12 230 6 20,734 35,567 22,373 <254 LOAD 492 12 270 6 14,350 21,526 38,092 5.E+05255 LOAD 492 12 280 6 17,661 23,093 13,723 61,764256 LOAD 492 12 290 6 10,725 18,383 10,725 87,000257 LOAD 492 12 300 6 9,599 15,296 14,682 59,082258 LOAD 492 12 310 6 51,639 1.E+05 34,413 1.E+05259 LOAD 492 12 0 6 1.E+05 3.E+05 1.E+05260 LOAD 492 12 10 6 2.E+05 8.E+05 1.E+05261 LOAD 492 12 20 6 4.E+05 1.E+06 2.E+05262 LOAD 492 12 30 6 4.E+05 4.E+05 2.E+05263 LOAD 492 12 40 6 1.E+06 1.E+06 8.E+05264 LOAD 492 12 350 6 75,154 1.E+05 1.E+05265 LOAD 492 12 340 6 1.E+05 68,890 2.E+05266 LOAD 492 12 330 6 7.E+05 2.E+05 1.E+06267 GEN 10,909 12 100 6 100 21,660 49,738 28,876 52,338268 GEN 10,909 12 110 6 100 3,647 3,532 4,432 4,292269 GEN 10,909 12 120 6 100 2,612 1,853 1,853 1,588270 GEN 10,909 12 130 6 100 3,118 2,833 2,230 1,638271 GEN 10,909 12 140 6 100 4,014 4,387 3,647 3,278272 GEN 10,909 12 120 6 50 4,741 4,249 4,014 2,957273 GEN 10,909 12 100 6 100 16,427 9,997 3.E+05274 GEN 10,909 12 90 6 100 5,101 4,365 52,338275 GEN 10,909 12 80 6 100 2,473 2,982 35,177276 GEN 10,909 12 70 6 100 1,564 2,045 17,286277 GEN 10,909 12 60 6 100 1,651 1,990 15,087278 GEN 10,909 12 50 6 100 2,104 2,208 10,827279 GEN 10,909 12 40 6 100 3,377 3,221 6,470280 GEN 10,909 12 30 6 100 2,084281 GEN 10,909 12 20 6 100 940282 GEN 10,909 12 10 6 100 1,188283 GEN 10,909 12 10 6 50 1,473284 GEN 10,909 12 20 6 50 1,506285 GEN 10,909 12 60 6 50 1,111 1,098286 GEN 10,909 12 70 6 50 1,019 765287 GEN 10,909 12 300 6 50288 GEN 10,909 12 290 6 50289 GEN 10,909 12 280 6 50290 GEN 10,909 12 290 6 50291 GEN 10,909 12 210 6 100292 GEN 10,909 12 200 6 100293 GEN 10,909 12 190 6 100294 GEN 10,909 12 180 6 100295 GEN 10,909 12 170 6 100

42 44 45 47 48 49 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 63 71 72 83224 BOIL 1 2,172 7 170 8225 BOIL 1 2,172 7 180 8226 BOIL 1 2,172 7 190 8227 BOIL 5 2,172 7 190 8228 BOIL 5 2,172 7 180 8229 BOIL 5 2,172 7 170 8230 BOIL 5 2,172 7 200 8231 BOIL 5 2,172 7 290 8232 BOIL 5 2,172 7 300 8233 BOIL 5 2,172 7 310 8234 BOIL 5 2,172 7 320 8235 BOIL 5 2,172 7 330 8236 BOIL 5 2,172 7 340 8237 BOIL 5 2,172 7 350 8238 BOIL 5 2,172 7 0 8239 BOIL 5 2,172 7 10 8240 LOAD 492 12 160 4241 LOAD 492 12 170 4242 LOAD 492 12 180 4243 LOAD 492 12 190 4244 LOAD 492 12 200 4245 LOAD 492 12 210 4246 LOAD 492 12 200 6247 LOAD 492 12 190 6248 LOAD 492 12 180 6249 LOAD 492 12 170 6250 LOAD 492 12 250 6251 LOAD 492 12 260 6252 LOAD 492 12 240 6253 LOAD 492 12 230 6254 LOAD 492 12 270 6255 LOAD 492 12 280 6256 LOAD 492 12 290 6257 LOAD 492 12 300 6258 LOAD 492 12 310 6259 LOAD 492 12 0 6260 LOAD 492 12 10 6261 LOAD 492 12 20 6262 LOAD 492 12 30 6263 LOAD 492 12 40 6264 LOAD 492 12 350 6265 LOAD 492 12 340 6266 LOAD 492 12 330 6267 GEN 10,909 12 100 6 100268 GEN 10,909 12 110 6 100269 GEN 10,909 12 120 6 100270 GEN 10,909 12 130 6 100271 GEN 10,909 12 140 6 100272 GEN 10,909 12 120 6 50273 GEN 10,909 12 100 6 100274 GEN 10,909 12 90 6 100275 GEN 10,909 12 80 6 100276 GEN 10,909 12 70 6 100277 GEN 10,909 12 60 6 100278 GEN 10,909 12 50 6 100279 GEN 10,909 12 40 6 100280 GEN 10,909 12 30 6 100281 GEN 10,909 12 20 6 100282 GEN 10,909 12 10 6 100283 GEN 10,909 12 10 6 50284 GEN 10,909 12 20 6 50285 GEN 10,909 12 60 6 50286 GEN 10,909 12 70 6 50287 GEN 10,909 12 300 6 50 4,534288 GEN 10,909 12 290 6 50 3,995289 GEN 10,909 12 280 6 50 4,947290 GEN 10,909 12 290 6 50 1,283291 GEN 10,909 12 210 6 100 71,414 7,335292 GEN 10,909 12 200 6 100 11,250 26,607293 GEN 10,909 12 190 6 100 4,410 11,658294 GEN 10,909 12 180 6 100 1,588 2,446295 GEN 10,909 12 170 6 100 4,776 3,179

APPENDIX B

VIDEO CLIPS

APPENDIX B

FLOW VISUALIZATION MOVIE CLIPS

A series of 7 video clips (.wmv format) of approximately 30-60 seconds each have been saved as individual files for use by the client in their own PowerPoint or other media presentation. These are considered representative of the general nature of the flow around the KU Central District buildings for qualitative evaluation. The naming convention for each of these files is as follows: The title includes stack ID, stack height, wind speed (full scale mph), direction wind is blowing from, and either flow rate (cfm) or load (%). Example: ISB1_10_19_80_45000.wmv is representative of the Lab Exhaust from stack 1 (farthest east on west roof) on the ISB1 at a 10’ stack height, a wind speed of 19 mph, wind coming from the 80 degree wind direction (east northeast), with a 45,000 cfm flow rate. The reader should refer to the figures and tables in the report for additional information. It is worth noting that smoke flow in the video clips will appear to be much more intense than full-scale phenomena. Distance and velocity are scaled in the wind tunnel so the winds may look much faster than indicated – one minute in the wind tunnel represents about 20 minutes in the real world. The turbulence and behavior of the smoke flow accurately reflects full-scale phenomena. The clips should be used as an indicator of potential problem areas which are then verified through quantitative concentration tests. As such, the visualizations represent a relative sense of the actual flow and are, at best, a qualitative indicator of the direction and turbulence of the flow. For some of the smoke visualization sequences, a mineral oil based smoke was used. As the oil is heated, it vaporizes, thus producing smoke particles which can be seen. The viewer may see a few instances of “spitting,” particularly in close-up shots of the larger stacks. These are simply instances of larger particles being discharged and does not affect the results. Some general instructions to successfully incorporate these clips into a PowerPoint presentation:

Once you have opened PowerPoint: 1. Select Insert on the main menu bar 2. Select movies and sounds 3. Select movie from file 4. At the bottom of the next screen, use the drop-down menu to select “All Files.”

Then identify the location of the video clip (caution: the clip must be on the same computer or attached DVD device). Then Click on OK

5. A small black rectangle will appear in your PowerPoint screen and a choice will appear – do you want the file to run Automatically or When Clicked. You may want to select, “When Clicked.”

6. Right click on the black rectangle and choose Edit Movie Object. There are several options here. If you wish to see the clip fill your screen while it is playing, select Zoom to Full Screen. (Otherwise the clip will play at the same size as the black rectangle is now.) Hit OK.

7. If you hit slide show in the lower left corner and then click on the black rectangle, the movie will play as one of your slides.

TABLE B-1

LIST OF VIDEO CLIPS (.wmv format)

The following compass rose may assist you when viewing wind directions in the video clips.

Clip Name Exhaust Source Full Scale

mph

Wind

Direction

1 BOIL3_7_8_200 Boiler stack 3 on the south roof of the CUP with a 7’ stack height 8 200

2 CT3_0_14_0_44680 Cooling Tower 3 in the CUP with a stack flush with the screen and a

44,680 cfm flow rate 14 0

3 GEN_12_6_120_100

Ground-level generator near the southeast corner of the Student

Union with a 12’ stack height under 100% load

6 120

4 ISB1_10_19_80_45000 Lab Stack 1 on the roof of ISB1 with a 10’ stack height and a 45,000 cfm

flow rate 19 80


flow rate 19 160


flow rate 19 260


flow rate 19 350

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