Center for Air Quality Studies SmartWay ℠ Applications for Cross-Border Drayage Trucks By Monica...

Center for Air Quality Studies

SmartWay℠ Applications for Cross-Border Drayage Trucks

By

Monica Beard-Raymond, Carlos Duran, Joe Zietsman, Reza Farzaneh, Doh-Won Lee, Tara Ramani

Acknowledgements

Ed Moderow and Ross Pumfrey of TCEQ

Eduardo Calvo of TxDOT

Manuel Sotelo of Fletes Sotelo

Hector Mendoza of STIL

1

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES

Cross-Border Drayage Operation (1)

U.S.-Mexico trade: over $350 billion in 2008 Majority by freight transport (truck and rail) 90% of truck traffic at border: drayage

Cross-border drayage trucks Typically older and less well maintained Operating daily across the border A significant source of emissions in the region

2

In-Land Mexico

Drayage Company

In-Land USA

Drayage Company

Lo

ng

Hau

l

Lo

ng

Hau

lDrayage (Short Haul)



Approximately 200 miles per day

No overnight idling Border crossing by

drayage trucks:Long delays at the

borderStop-and-go driving

conditions 3



El Paso commercial ports of entries (POEs) Bridge of the Americas (BOTA); andYsleta-Zaragoza Bridge

Idling and creep-idling: close to 70% of NB drayage activity – 20 minutes

4


EPA’s SmartWay Program

SmartWay℠ An innovative brand that represents environmentally

cleaner, more fuel efficient transportation options Identifies products and services that reduce transportation-

related emissions

SmartWay Transport Partnership℠ A collaboration between EPA and the freight sector Goal: improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions

through the use of technologies and best practices. SmartWay strategies: primarily for long-haul trucking

5

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES SmartWay Strategies (1)

Engine, tire and truck modifications low rolling resistance tires, auto-tire

inflation, aerodynamic improvements, low-viscosity lubricants, lighter tractors and trailers, and SmartWay certified trailers

Idle reduction technologiesbunker heaters, auxiliary power units

(APUs), automatic shut down and start up systems, and electrified parking spaces.

6

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES SmartWay Strategies (2)

Diesel retrofit and advanced technologieshybrid power-train technology, DOC, DPF,

SCR, and engine and truck replacement Cleaner fuels

Biodiesel and CNG Operational strategies

speed reduction, driver education, and improved freight logistics

7

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Approach

Identify SmartWay technologies

Workshops with drayage companies

Shortlist technologies

Develop testing plan Implement testing

plan

8

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Testing Approach

On-road emissions measurement PEMS equipment

CO2, CO, THC, NOx, and PM Pre-determined test drive cycles 5 test vehicles 3 SmartWay strategies

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) Light trailer (2000 lbs. lighter) Driver training (eco driving)

VSP-based analysis9

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES VSP-Based Analysis

EPA MOVES: Vehicle Specific Power (VSP)For a specific vehicle

• VSP = F (speed, acceleration)• Emissions = G (VSP, speed)

Data collectionCovering combinations of speeds and

acceleration rates Data Analysis

Applying emissions rates to drive schedules

10

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Methodology

11

VehicleSelection

Test Drive Cycles

On-

Roa

d Te

stin

g

Sec-by-secEmissions

EmissionsFor Each Modal Bin

ActualDrive Schedules

Total Emissions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Time (s)

Sp

ee

d (

mp

h)

Fast Acceleration - Slow Deceleration

Normal Acceleration - Normal Deceleration

Slow Acceleration - Fast Deceleration

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (s)

Sp

eed

(mp

h)

0

15

30

45

60

75

CO

2 (g

/s)

Speed

Observed CO2

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (s)

NO

x (g

/s)

Observed

Estimated

TTI-HDV High Speed 2Average Speed 69.3 mph

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Time (s)

Speed

(mph

)


Drive Schedules for Emissions Testing

12

0

20

40

60

80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Sp

eed

(mp

h)

Time (s)

Uphill Downhill

Step High Acc.

HighAcc. Low

Acc.Step

Normal

Creep Idle


Cross-Border Drive Schedules

13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Sp

eed

(mp

h)

Time (s)

South Bound Border Crossing

0

5

10

15

20

0 500 1000 1500

Sp

eed

(mp

h)

Time (s)

North Bound Border Crossing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000

Sp

eed

(mp

h)

Time (s)

U.S. Driving

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Sp

eed

(mp

h)

Time (s)

Mexico Driving

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Test Vehicles

14

Model Model Year

Engine Manufacturer

Engine Model

Engine HP

International 1986 Cummins Big Cam 300 White GMC 1994 Detroit S-60 360 Volvo 1996 Cummins M11 330 International 1996 Detroit S-60 330 Freightliner 1999 Cummins ISM 330

Selected based on the observed distribution of the drayage trucks from 270 observations

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Test Equipment

15

SEMTECH-DS Axion

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Test Load

Single loaded trailer for all testsNormal load 20,000 lbsLight Trailer 18,000 lbs

16


Results:Operating Mode Bins

17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37 38 39 40

CO

2(g

/s)

VSP Bin

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37 38 39 40

NO

x (g

/s)

VSP Bin

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37 38 39 40

TH

C (g

/s)

VSP Bin

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37 38 39 40

PM

(g/s

)

VSP Bin


ResultsAverage Total Emissions

18Base

Light Trailer

DOC80% Eco Driving

50% Eco Driving

NOx (kg) 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.1 4.9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

NO

x (k

g)

-6.0

9 %

-2.0

%

+ 5.

3 %

+ 0.

3 %

BaseLight

TrailerDOC

80% Eco Driving

50% Eco Driving

CO (kg) 11.0 9.5 2.8 9.5 11.2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

CO

(kg)

-78.

2 %

-13.

9 % + 1.

3 %

-13.

6 %


ResultsAverage Total Emissions

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BaseLight

TrailerDOC

80% Eco Driving

50% Eco Driving

CO2 (kg) 427.1 428.1 435.7 426.8 392.7

0

100

200

300

400

500

CO

2(k

g)

+0.

2 %

+ 2.

0 %

-0.1

%

-8.

1 %

BaseLight

TrailerDOC

80% Eco Driving

50% Eco Driving

THC (kg) 0.57 0.53 0.27 0.53 0.57

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

TH

C (k

g)

+ 0.

4 %

-7.9

%

-52.

6 %

-8.0

%

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Findings and Conclusions

Not all the SmartWay strategies are suitable VSP-based analysis provides flexibility Fuel consumption was marginally affected by all

strategies but eco-driving shows promise DOC

Significant CO and THC reductions and modest PM reductions Lightweight trailer

Modest CO, THC, and PM reductions No impact on NOx.

Eco driving NOx and fuel consumption benefits

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Center for Air Quality Studies SmartWay ℠ Applications for Cross-Border Drayage Trucks By Monica...

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