Cells - Structure and Function of Organelles. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Prokaryotic organisms are...
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Cells - Structure and Function of Organelles
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Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
• Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled bacteria that evolved early and are very simple. They do not have nuclei!
• Eukaryotic organisms evolved later and are more complex. The cells of eukaryotic organisms contain nuclei.
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Prokaryotic cell = simple cell; no nucleus; evolved first
Example = Bacterial cell
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Eukaryotic cell = more complex; evolved later; contains a nucleus (and many other organelles)
Example = corn cell
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Plasma Membrane (“Cell Membrane”)
• Phospholipid bi-layer• Hydrophilic heads (love water)• Hydrophobic tails (hate water)• Made up of phospholipids with embedded proteins
and carbohydrates to provide functionality• Function = Protect cell from surrounding
environment and regulate what enters and leaves a cell (“traffic cop”)
• Selectively permeable• Found in ALL cells
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This picture shows the plasma membranes of 2 cells lined up next to each other.
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Plasma membrane - cross section
Looking down on a plasma membrane
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Cell Wall
• Functions to support and protect the cell
• Only found in plant cells
• Made of the carbohydrate cellulose - a tough carbohydrate
• Very permeable (stuff still needs to get in and out of the cell!)
• Found outside the plasma membrane
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Organelle
• A structure with a specialized function found within the cell
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Nucleus
• Contains the genetic material of the cell (DNA)
• “Control center” (brain) of the cell
• Surrounded by a double membrane (the nuclear envelope) that has large pores
• Found in plant and animal cells but not in bacteria cells (bacteria are prokaryotes)
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nucleus
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Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Porous (has pores) and very permeable
• Allows most substances to enter or leave the nucleus
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Nucleolus
• Dark staining area of the nucleus where ribosomes are made (“ribosome factory”)
• There can be more than 1 in a cell (usually 1-3)
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Chromosomes
• Tightly packed chromatin (DNA and proteins) found in the nucleus
• Visible only when the cell is dividing
Human Chromosomes
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Chromatin
• Thin strands of DNA and protein that condense to form chromosomes
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chromatin fragments from chicken
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Cytoplasm
• The watery region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus (does not include the nucleus)
• Watery solution of dissolved salts, sugars, amino acids, proteins, etc…
• In both plant and animal cells
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Ribosomes
• Function in the synthesis of proteins (“protein factories”)
• Tiny and numerous organelles
• Ribosomes are usually attached to endoplasmic reticulum but can also be free within the cell
• Found in both plant and animal cells
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Popeye is active because he eats spinach.However, for Popeye's cells to be active, his ribosomes help
create proteins.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• “Intracellular highway” - the path in the cell along which molecules (proteins) travel
• Called “rough” because it’s covered with ribosomes
• Found in both plant and animal cells
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth because it is not covered with ribosomes
• One main function is to breakdown toxic substances within the cell
• “HAZ-MAT team”
• In both plant and animal cells
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Golgi Apparatus
• “Protein packaging factory”
• A system of membranes that prepares proteins for export out of the cell
• In both plant and animal cells
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Lysosomes
• Function in digesting old materials in the cell (“recycling center”)
• Contain enzymes that do the work of breaking down large molecules
• Single membrane
• Found in animal cells, fungi, and bacteria, but rare in plant cells
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Vacuoles (animal)
• Protists have contractile vacuoles that function to expel excess water out of the cell
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Vacuoles (plant cell)
• Large, fluid-filled sac that stores water and dissolved solutes (such as enzymes and metabolic wastes)
• Function in structure and support of plant cells (regulates turgor pressure within the cell)
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Mitochondrion (mitochondria = plural)
• Where cellular respiration occurs• ATP (cellular enery) is made out of organic
compounds• Double membrane
– Outer membrane protects mitochondrion– Inner membrane has many folds known as cristae -
these folds greatly increase the surface area of the membrane
• Contain its own DNA!• In both plant and animal cells
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Chloroplast• Function in converting the energy of
sunlight into chemical energy (photosynthesis)
• “Food factory of plants”
• Contain disks (known as thylakoids) in stacks (known as grana)
• Contains a green pigment (chlorophyll)
• Only in plants
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Chlorophyll
• The green pigment found in plant chloroplasts
• Used in photosynthesis to trap sunlight energy.