Cells and Their Amazing Organelles. Cells can be … Prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles...
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Transcript of Cells and Their Amazing Organelles. Cells can be … Prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles...
Cells can be …
Prokaryotic -no membrane bound
organelles
Eukaryotic - membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells include …
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Why are cells so small?• As cell size increases
the volume increases much faster than the surface area.
• Cells obtain nutrients, gain information and rid waste through their plasma membrane.
As cell size increases, it’s ability to exchange materials with its
environment becomes limited by the amount of membrane area that is available for exchange.
Ratio of Surface Area:Volume
Cell Membrane
• Outer boundary of all cells .
• Described as being a fluid mosaic.
• Semi-permeable: controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure
How molecules cross the plasma membrane
Vesicles• Membranous structures
that derive from other membranous cellular parts.
• Carry substances from one part of the cell to another.
• Bind to the correct region if protein receptors are compatible.
Cytoplasm
• Consists of the cytosol (liquid) and all of the organelles within cell .
The Nucleus
• Controls most activities in the cell by controlling protein production.
• Contains all genetic information in the form of DNA.
• Nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope - a double
membrane
• The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores that control entry and exit of materials
The Nucleolus
• A darkened region where ribosomes (ribosomal RNA) is synthesized
Ribosomes• Composed of a large and
small sub-unit of RNA
• Make proteins in the cell.
• May be free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
Free Floating Ribosomes Ribosomes
on ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Series of folded
membranes that form sacs or tubes.
• Rough ER has ribosomes attached.
• Smooth ER doesn’t have ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The site for:
- synthesis of steroids and other lipids,
- Ca++ storage in muscle cells,
- detoxification of drugs, toxins, alcohol (especially in liver cells)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The site where proteins are made to be used inside or outside of cell.
• Once proteins are made they are packaged into vesicles to be “shipped” to Golgi apparatus.
Golgi Apparatus
• Saclike membranes used for storing, modifying and packaging of proteins and other chemicals.
Endomembrane System
Proteins made by Rough
ER are shipped to Golgi
Apparatus in vesicles
where they are modified.
From here they move to
the cell membrane in
secretory vesicles which
release them externally.
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
vesicle
smooth ERrough ER
nucleolusnucleus
vesiclecell membrane
lipids
Lysosomes
• Formed in Golgi bodies
• Contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes to break down unwanted particles
• Help white blood cells to destroy bacteria
Mitochondria
• Produce ATP through cellular respiration
• Mitochondria replicate by binary fission - similar to prokaryotic
cell division
Mitochondrial Structure- have double membrane structure
- inner membrane folded into inward projections called cristae
- two spaces within the mitochondrion - the matrix and the intermembrane space
Chloroplasts
• sites of photosynthesis in nearly all plants and some protists.
• trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy
Chloroplast Structure- have double membrane structure
-Within the stroma (fluid) are a series of stacks of flattened
-membranous structures called thylakoids (stacks of these are called grana)
Cytoskeleton• Composed of proteins that
maintain the cell’s structure, transport materials, and position and move organelles.
• 3 cytoskeletal components:
microtubules
actin filaments
intermediate filaments
Actin Filaments• involved in cellular and
organelle movement.• smallest components of
the cytoskeleton.• “Motor” molecules
Intermediate Filaments• involved in anchoring organelles in place and •holding cells together .
Microtubules- hollow tubes made of proteins called tubulin dimers.
-These are responsible for cell movement by changing in length by adding/taking away tubulin dimers polymerization/ depolymerization
-Work with actin in the movement of organelles.
- These are the largest components of the cytoskeleton.
Cellular Work- Microtubules work with actin (and other motor molecules) in the movement of organelles and other cellular structures.
- These are the largest components of the cytoskeleton.
Cilia/Flagella Movement• A flagellum has pairs of
microtubules in a 9+2 pattern each pair of tubules has short arms of dynein (a motor molecule) that pulls on neighboring tubules causing the structure to twist throughout.
Back to Plant Cells
Contain:• chloroplasts • A cell wall• A large central
vacuole• No centrioles
Check Out …
www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model/htm