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![Page 1: Cells Objectives 1. Label the different parts of the cell 2. Describe the functions of the different parts of the cell 3. Compare a typical.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e445503460f94b3883d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Cells
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Objectives1. Label the different parts of the cell
2. Describe the functions of the different parts of the cell
3. Compare a typical animal cell to a typical plant cell
4. Explain what is meant by ‘tissues’ and
‘organs’
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Introduction• A cell is the basic unit of ALL living things/organisms• It is the smallest part of a living thing that is alive
and is only visible under the microscope• As such, they are the building blocks of life
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• Cells can take in nutrients and convert them into energy they need to stay alive
• They can also carry out specialised functionsRed blood cells – carry oxygen Muscle cells – contract to allow movement
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• Living things can be classified as:1) Unicellular (only 1
cell) e.g., bacteria
2) Multicellular (many cells) e.g., human, plants
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• There are many kinds of cells with different shapes and sizes
• But they may share some common features
• Our focus:1. Plant cell2. Animal cell
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Animal cells• Basic structure of a
typical animal cell:1. Cell membrane2. Cytoplasm3. Nucleus4. Vacuole5. Mitochondria6. Ribosomes7. Endoplasmic
reticulum- Smooth and rough
ORG
ANEL
LES
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An organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually
separately enclosed
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Cell membrane• A thin layer
surrounding the cell• Semi-permeable – it
only allows SOME substances to pass through but not others
• It functions to control the movement of substances in and out of a cell
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Cytoplasm• Jelly-like substance
that fills the cell• Contains water and
many other substances
• It is where many chemical reactions take place e.g., converting nutrients to energy
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Nucleus• It controls the activities
of a cell• Usually found in the
centre of an animal cell• Contains hereditary
materials called chromosomes
• Chromosomes carry genes which are passed from parents to their children
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Vacuoles• Membrane-
enclosed fluid which stores food or nutrients needed by the cells
• Animal cells have MANY vacuoles
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Mitochondria• Mitochondria
are the cell's power producers
• They convert nutrients into energy that is usable by the cell
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Ribosomes• Can be found in
the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum
• Function in protein production
ribosomes
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Endoplasmic reticulum• A network
tubules and sacs that serves as the cell’s transport system
• Can also function in storage and production
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Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
• Has ribosomes on its outer surface
• Mainly involved in protein production
• No ribosomes on outer surface
• Mainly involved in lipid (fat) production
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Drawing an animal cell
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Plant cells• Basic structure of a typical
plant cell:1. Cell membrane2. Cytoplasm3. Nucleus 4. Vacuole 5. Mitochondria 6. Chloroplasts 7. Cell wall8. Endoplasmic reticulum
Organelle found only in plant cells
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Cell membrane• Just like animal
cells, plant cells also have a semi-permeable layer around them
• Similarly, it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
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Cytoplasm• This is the same
kind of jelly-like substance as that found in animal cells
• Many chemical reactions would take place here
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Nucleus• Also like in animal
cells, it controls the activities of the cell
• Because of a larger vacuole, it is pushed to one side of cell rather than being found in the middle of the cell (e.g., in animal cells)
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Vacuole• It is often a single,
large space containing a liquid called cell sap (large central vacuole)
• It contains water and dissolved substance such as sugar and salt
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Mitochondria
• Same as in animal cells
• These are power sources that fuel cellular activities
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Ribosomes• Play a role in producing proteins• Same as in animal cells• Can be found in cytoplasm or surface of endoplasmic reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Function in protein
synthesis
Function in lipid
synthesis
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Cell wall• A layer (thicker than cell
membrane) surrounding the cell
• Made of a tough substance called cellulose
• It supports the cell and gives it a regular shape
• Prevents the cell from bursting when water enters it excessively
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Chloroplasts• Small disc-like
structures found in plant cells
• They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs light energy to make food during photosynthesis
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Drawing a plant cell
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Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Animal cell Plant cell
Cell wall X Vacuole Small but
manyA single large
one
Chloroplast X Shape Varied Regular
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Similarities between plant and animal cells
Animal cell Plant cell
Cell membrane
Present in both types of cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Division of labour – cellular level
• In multicellular organisms, different cells perform different functions
• Division of labour – division of work among cells in an organism
• They are specialised in their functions and have special features to allow them to do so
• This designation of different functions allows efficient functioning in multicellular organisms
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Example of specialised cells in animals
RBCs have no nucleus and carry a protein called hemoglobin to transport oxygen
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1. Xylem vessels are non-living cells that form tubes for transporting water and mineral salts
2. Root hair cells have a tubular extension to increase the surface area for water absorption
3. Palisade cells have many chloroplasts to capture the maximum amount of sunlight for photosynthesis
Example of specialised cells in plants
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Levels of organisation of cellsFrom cells to tissues
(When cells of the same type work together to do the same job, they make up a tissue)
Animal PlantE.g., muscle tissue – muscle cells work together to allow the body to move
E.g., connective tissue – joins parts of the organism e.g., fats, bone
Vascular tissue – transport water and food throughout the plant
Photosynthetic tissue – capture light energy to make food for the plant
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From tissues to organ(When different tissues work together to do a particular
job, they make up an organ)
Animal PlantE.g., Brain – consists of nerve tissue, connective tissue etc.
E.g., Heart – consists of muscle tissue, connective tissue etc.
E.g., Leaf – consist of photosynthetic , vascular tissues etc.
E.g., Stem – Supporting tissues vascular tissues etc.
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From tissues to system(When different organs work together to do a particular
job, they make up a system)
Animal PlantE.g., Digestive system – mouth, stomach, intestines etc.
E.g., Respiratory system – nose, lungs etc.
Circulatory system - heart, blood vessels
E.g., Transport system – roots, stem etc.