Cell Tower Radiation Hazards and Solutions
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Transcript of Cell Tower Radiation Hazards and Solutions
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CELL TOWER
RADIATIONHAZARDS AND
SOLUTIONS
Prof. Girish KumarIIT Bombay
Tel: (022) 2576 [email protected]
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RF
R P C A
EMF S
R
R B
S
OLINE OF PEENAION
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RF SOURCES
IN INDIA
FM TOWER
(88108MH)PT=10KW 503 TOWERS
TV TOWER
(180220MH)PT=40KW 1044 TOWERS
AM TOWER
(5401600KH)PT=100 KW 197 TOWER
WF
(2.4 2.5 GH) PT=10100W WF HOT SPOTS
CELL TOWER
(800,900,1800MH)
PT=20 W 4.5 LAKH
TOWERS
MOBILE PHONES GSM1800 1 WGSM900 2 W
800+
F
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A C
:
• 869 890 MH (CDMA)
•935 960 MH (GSM900)
• 1805 1880 MH (GSM1800)
• 2110 2170 MH (3G)
C
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C I M
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P A
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People living within 50 to 300 meter radius are in
the high radiation zone (dark blue) and are more
prone to ill-effects of electromagnetic radiation
Propagation of "main beam“ from antenna mounted on a tower or roof top
P C A
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P C A
0 0
0 0
0
0
Very High
Very Low
Medium
High
High
Low
Very Low
Primary Lobe
Secondary Lobes
N: D
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Usha Kiran Building, Worli, MumbaiCASE STUDY
Six cancer cases in consecutive floors (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 10th)
directly facing and at similar height as the mobile phone towers of
four telecom companies placed on the roof of opposite building.
Usha Kiran Building
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Operate at higher frequency
and lower power. Point-to-
point. Not very harmful
Operate at lower frequency
and higher power. Point tomulti-point. Very harmful
D
C D
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P P R
P = T W
G = G
R = D
P D C
W/2
×= 24 R
GPP t t d
π
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P D
D
()
P
(/2
)
P
(/2
)1 79.6 79,600,000
3 8.84 8,840,000
5 3.18 3,180,00010 0.796 796,000
50 0.0318 31,800
100 0.008 7,960500 0.000318 318
A .
F P = 20 W, G = 17 B = 50
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P D
D
()
P
(/2)
P
(/2)
1 1194.0 1194,000,000
3 126.0 126,000,000
5 47.7 47,700,000
10 11.94 11,940,000
50 0.477 477,000
100 0.1194 119,400500 0.00477 4,770
F P = 20 W, G = 17 B = 50N. = 5, N. = 3
F 5 3
, .
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International Exposure limits for RF fields (1800MHz)
9.2 W/m² ICNIRP and EU recommandation 1998 – Adopted in India
2 W/m² Exposure limit in Australia
1.2 W/m² Belgium (except Wallonia)0.5 W/m² Exposure Limit in Auckland, New Zealand
0.24 W/m² Exposure limit in CSSR, Belgium (Wallonia), Luxembourg
0.1 W/m² Exposure limit in Poland, China, Italy , Paris, Toronto Board of Health1999
0.095 W/m² Exposure limit in Switzerl, Italy in areas with duration > 4hours0.09 W/m² ECOLOG 1998 (Germany) Precaution recommendation only
0.025 W/m² Exposure limit in Italy in sensitive areas
0.02 W/m² Exposure limit in Russia (since 1970), Bulgaria, Hungary
0.001 W/m² "Precautionary limit" in Austria, Salzburg City only0.001 W/m² Bio-Initiative Working Group 2007) Precautionary recommendation – outdoor
0.0001 W/m² Bio-Initiative Working Group (2007) Precautionary recommendation - indoor
0.00001 W/m² BUND 2007 (Germany) Precaution recommendation only
0.00001W/m² New South Wales, Australia (2010)
I E G
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FCC G H F
C 50200 .
M PCS
ERP 100 . AERP 100
510 , .
I , ERP 10
.
://..//
I INDIA, 100 W
50, ERP = 5000 W
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•BI 2007 (610 )
1000 μW/2 , RF .
100 μW/2 , RF .
•B B I, G
. 1000 μ/2
O G
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India adopts ICNIRP guideline for Power density (Pd)
= Frequency /200, frequency is in MHz
ICNIRP has given following disclosure:
ICNIRP is only intended to protect the public against
short term gross heating effects and NOT against'biological' effects such as cancer and genetic damage
from long term low level microwave exposure from
mobile phones, masts and many other wireless devices.
http://ww.icnirp.de/documents/emfgdl.pdf
ICNIP G
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ICNIRP G A 940 MH, P
(P)
4.7W/
A = 1.43
P (P)
[P = P A = 6.75
W .
5'6"
34"
I ,
6.75 606024 = 583.2 K.
M : 700 1000 .
60% , 500 .
T
1166 = 19
M
I, /200, MH?
P A H B
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P
A 1, P = 79.6 W/
P = P .7 ( ) = 55.7 W
E 1 = 55.7 3600 = 200.5 W
C 1 4 ?
F 60 K,
70% 42 L. , . 20
F.I 4 , . 8 0F. N
98.4 106.4 0F. C ?
F P = 20 W, G = 17 B = 50
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P R P R :
F , P
= 20 W
T , G = 17.0 B = 50
R , G = 2 B =1.6
R R = 50 :
A 940 MH, P = 0.413 W = 3.8 B
A 1840 MH, P = 0.108 W = 9.7 B
P 31.8 W/2 = 31,800 W/2.
2
244
×××=××=
RGGP
R
AreaGPPr t t
t t
r
π λ
π
P A
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M
C R CDMA, GSM 900, and GSM 1800
Location
Reading in
dBm
Readings in
W/m2
Readings in
microW/m2
Delhi-Gurgaon Highway - near Toll (3 towers) 0 0.0706 70,686
Vashi Bridge - after Railway Station -4 0.0282 28,274Resident 1, 4th Fl: Sergean House Lady w/cancer -6 0.0177 17,756
Resident 2, Opposite roof, Rane Society, Powai -10 0.00706 7,069
Near Hub mall, Goregaon -10 0.00706 7,069
Gandhi Nagar Over railway bridge-near building -12 0.00446 4,460
Ustav Chowk, Kharghar -12 0.00446 4,460Vikroli - before Godrej -14 0.002814 2,814
Govandi- Residential towers - near Indian Oil -14 0.002814 2,814
Belapur Flyover, near RBI- CIDCO -16 0.001776 1,776
Vashi Highway – near Turbhe -18 0.001120 1,120
Nerul Bridge -20 0.000707 707Vivero pre School (opposite powai lake) -22 0.000446 446
Powai police station -22 0.000446 446
Rajeev Gandhi nagar -26 0.000177 177
On road near Evita (Hiranandani Building) -28 0.000112 112
D-Mart,Hiranandani, Powai -34 0.0000280 28IIT Bombay School of Management - Entrance -46 0.00000178 1.78
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SERGEANT HOUSE R (4 F) L
C 10
. M P
R M B, .
Entrance
-6
-6
-6 -6 -6
-10 -10
-12
-24
-4
-8
-18 -30-12-14
-4
-6
M A
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H G
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
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M R
,
, , , , , .
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
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M :
•
•H
•C
•F
•D
•F
M
•D
•P
•
•C
•B
•A
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
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Epidemiological studies- Cell Phone Antennas
Studies in France, Israel, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Egypt and
Austria - all document adverse health effects below the FCC guideline.
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SPAIN
SPAIN
Incidents increased with proximity to towersWomen had more symptoms
Based on symptoms experiences: Cellular
phone base stations should not be sited closer
than 300 m to populations. (Santini R 2002)
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ISRAEL
Netanya, Irus – Medical Records (Wolf R et. al 2004)Four fold increased incidence of cancer within 350m
after long term exposure to a phone mast compared with
the general population of Israel.
10- fold increase specifically among women
ISRAEL
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GERMANY
Naila: (Eger H 2004, 2009)3-fold increase in new malignancies within
400m from a mast after five years exposure
Breast Cancer topped the list.
Cancers of the prostate, pancreas, bowel, skin
melanoma, lung and blood cancer increased.
Berlin - Head of cancer registry, 2006
7 fold increase in breast cancer
GERMANY
SWEDEN
250,000 Swedes are electro hypersensitive outof a population of 9,000,000.
One of the first countries where mobile
technology was introduced (approx. 15 years ago).
SWEDEN
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BRAZIL
May 17, 2011
Scientists found between 1996 and 2006 died in
Belo Horizonte a total of 4924 victims of cancer
types that may be caused by electromagneticradiation, such as tumors in the prostate, breast,
lung, kidneys and liver.
S: ://..//BN492428072011.
New study from Brazil: direct link to 4,924
cancer deaths from cellular antennas radiation
80% of victims lived within 500 m’s away from cell phoneantennas
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Increased cancer cases with proximity to Towers
INDIA
10 Housewives in Sher-e-Punjab Colony - Andheri (E),
Mumbai have been diagnosed with various forms of cancer6 - Breast Cancer cases, 1 - Ovarian Cancer , 1 - Blood Cancer,1 - Inguinal Lymph
Node Cancer, 1 - unknown – relapsed after chemotherapy
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E E
H ?
M , , .
4 GDT N
O
100% < 5% 2.5
.
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EFFEC OF CELL OE
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://..//.
EFFEC OF CELL OE
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A M
?
B ,
A
A
, , , , CNG, H , .
M
.
?
A M
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A M
? DO I M C
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DO IM C
INTERMINISTERIAL COMMITTEE (IMC) R ON EMF
RADIATION DOT J. 2011.
M
( 1227).
M B 2007 1000
W/2 RF (P 32).
Y RF I
1/10 , 0.92W/2
GSM1800 (P 33)
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NEWS COVERAGE
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A J C
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://../2011/06/.#
A J C
G
T
!
,
,
M H.
M D A K M EM
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M D A.K M EM
H A, M
M
L
( / 2 )H A J
C
85,000 / 2
R N,
O. G
H,
M H
M: 42,260 /2
M: 178 W/2
EM
HO 4,500,000 / 2.
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/
L
( / 2)
C
I G
ICNIP 98
4,700,000 E
19 /.IMC
J. 2011
4,70,000 H,
1000 W/2.
H A J C 85,000 T TERM
ICNIRP
O.
G H
42,260 C
.. ..
R
>10,000
>100
C C I
H, ,
, , D S I
S R D
100 F
( BI R 2007)
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U, E
I :100 ,
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?
II K C
T B P, M 15 2011, P 5
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M B
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M B
E M
B N
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W , 0.01 W/2,
.
T . T .
P
.
I 1 2 ,
0.001 W/2,
.
R
, , , .
B N (C)
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U
/ ,
, , , , . O
: P
H
( )
24
.
H ?
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L RF (. 1 2 W)
,
, , .
C R. 0.10
G.
C 1 2
.
H ?
C C 21
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P MB $ C
P I
?
C C 21
C
O O
O /
Children are the Future of Our Nation
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Children are the Future of Our Nation
D
? C
.
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Thank you