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Transcript of Cell to Cell Communication Chapter 11. Example of Cell to Cell Communication Yeast’s version of...
![Page 1: Cell to Cell Communication Chapter 11. Example of Cell to Cell Communication Yeast’s version of sex Two types of cells (a and ) Each secretes a mating.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f06f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell to Cell Communication
Chapter 11
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Example of Cell to Cell Communication
• Yeast’s version of sex• Two types of cells (a and )• Each secretes a mating factor that
binds to receptor on opposite cell• Binding of mating factors lead to cell
growth and fusion• Nucleus of fused cell contains DNA
from both a and .
![Page 3: Cell to Cell Communication Chapter 11. Example of Cell to Cell Communication Yeast’s version of sex Two types of cells (a and ) Each secretes a mating.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f06f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Figure 11.0 Yeast
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Figure 11.1 Communication between mating yeast cells
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Local and Long Distance Signaling
• Local signaling – influences cells in the nearby vicinity– Paracrine signaling – secreting cell releases
a regulator in the the extracellular matrix– Synaptic signaling – nerve cell releases
neurotransmitter into a synapse (space between nerves)
• Long Distance signaling – can influence cells all over body– Hormone signaling – endocrine cells
secrete hormones into blood where they can reach any cell
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Figure 11.3 Local and long-distance cell communication in animals
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Figure 11.4 Communication by direct contact between cells
Cell junctions and cell-cell recognition
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Three Stages of Cell Signaling
• Reception – target cell’s detection of a chemical signal– Signal is detected when it binds to a
receptor– Ligand – a signal molecule that binds to a
receptor• Transduction – binding of signal to receptor
stimulates a change in the receptor. – The changed receptor triggers a step or
many steps that lead to the cell response.• Response – end result – the cell response
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Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 1)
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Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 2)
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Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 3)
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Receptors
• Intracellular receptors – found in cytoplasm or on nucleus so signal must pass through cell membrane first
– Ex. NO and steroid hormones like testosterone
– Testosterone receptor only found in certain cells
• An activated testosterone receptor acts as a transcription factor
– Transcription factors - turn on or turn off genes
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Figure 11.10 Steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor
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• Cell Membrane Receptors – found in cell membrane
– Three major types
• G-linked receptor
• Receptor tyrosine kinase
• Ligand-gated ion channel
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Figure 11.6 The structure of a G-protein-linked receptor
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Figure 11.7 The functioning of a G-protein-linked receptor
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Figure 11.8 The structure and function of a tyrosine-kinase receptor
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Figure 11.9 A ligand-gated ion-channel receptor
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Transduction
• Signal transduction pathways – a chain of molecular interactions (like falling dominoes)
• Often involves protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation– Protein kinases – enzymes that transfer
phosphate groups from ATP to a protein– Phosphorylation of protein often changes
protein from inactive to active form– Protein phosphatases – enzymes that
rapidly remove P (often turn off pathway)
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Figure 11.11 A phosphorylation cascade
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Second Messengers
• Second messengers – small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that are part of signaling pathways
• Two most common second messengers
– Ca2+
– Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP or cyclic AMP)
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cAMP
• Adenylyl cyclase – an enzyme in cell membranes that converts ATP into cAMP
• Phosphodiesterase – an enzyme that converts cAMP into AMP
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Figure 11.12 Cyclic AMP
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Figure 11-12x cAMP
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Figure 11.13 cAMP as a second messenger
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Ca2+
• Second messenger involved in growth factors, some hormones, muscle contractions, neurotransmitters, and cell division
• Ca2+ levels are high in the blood, ER, and sometimes mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Low Ca2+ cytosol concentration allows even small fluctuations to trigger pathways
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Figure 11.14 The maintenance of calcium ion concentrations in an animal cell
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Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 1)
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Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 2)
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Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 3)
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Figure 11.16 Cytoplasmic response to a signal: the stimulation of glycogen breakdown by epinephrine
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Figure 11.17 Nuclear response to a signal: the activation of a specific gene by a growth factor
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Fine Tuning of Response
• Signal Amplification – number of activated products is much greater than in preceding step
• Specificity – different cells have different proteins so two cells can respond to same signal in different manner– Ex. epinephrine stimulates liver to break
down glycogen and heart cells to contract faster
• Scaffolding Proteins – large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are attached
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Figure 11.18 The specificity of cell signaling
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Figure 11.19 A scaffolding protein
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Apoptosis• Apoptosis - triggered by signals that
activate cell suicide
• In C. elegans (small worm), death genes called ced. When activated they stimulate death by activating proteases and nucleases.
• Very similar genes found in other animals including humans
• Apoptosis problems are associated with cancer, Parkinson’s, and alzheimer’s
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