Cell Theory Robert Hooke observed compartments in a thin slice of cork. He named them cells. Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. Cells come from preexisting cells. 10 Trillion Cells make up the human Body 10 Trillion Cells make up the human Body There are 210 Types of cells found in the human body. There are 210 Types of cells found in the human body. Nucleus Houses the cells genetic material in the form of DNA. Control Center of cell! Houses the cells genetic material in the form of DNA. Control Center of cell! Cytoplasm The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the cytoplasm. The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the cytoplasm. Is a gel-like fluid that is composed of water, salts, and organic molecules. Is a gel-like fluid that is composed of water, salts, and organic molecules. Holds all cell organelles in place! Holds all cell organelles in place! Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Bacteria and archeabacteria are prokaryotic. They lack a nucleus. Bacteria and archeabacteria are prokaryotic. They lack a nucleus. Plants, animals, fungi, protists all contain eukaryotic cells which contain a nucleus. Plants, animals, fungi, protists all contain eukaryotic cells which contain a nucleus. Cell Wall Protects the plant cell and maintains its shape. Animal cells do not have cell walls! Protects the plant cell and maintains its shape. Animal cells do not have cell walls! Provides the cell with structural support, and protection. Provides the cell with structural support, and protection. In plants, the cell wall is constructed primarily from a carbohydrate polymer called cellulose! In plants, the cell wall is constructed primarily from a carbohydrate polymer called cellulose! polymercellulose polymercellulose Cell Membrane Plasma Membrane- both plant and animal cells have a thin outer covering which defines the boundary of the cell and regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings. Plasma Membrane- both plant and animal cells have a thin outer covering which defines the boundary of the cell and regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings. You would have to stack 8,000 cell membranes to reach the thickness of a piece of paper. You would have to stack 8,000 cell membranes to reach the thickness of a piece of paper. Membranes Regulate the transport of substances across the boundary, allowing only certain substances to pass. Regulate the transport of substances across the boundary, allowing only certain substances to pass. They are mainly composed of proteins and lipids called phospholipids. They are mainly composed of proteins and lipids called phospholipids. Since lipids are hydrophobic, they create a boundary between the cells aqueous cytoplasm and the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. Since lipids are hydrophobic, they create a boundary between the cells aqueous cytoplasm and the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. Phospholipid Bilayer (Proteins can be considered icebergs floating in a sea of phospholipids). Membrane Proteins Proteins perform most of the membranes specific functions. Proteins perform most of the membranes specific functions. Helping molecules cross the membrane. Helping molecules cross the membrane. Cellular signaling. Cellular signaling. Passive Transport Diffusion across a membrane is called passive transport b/c no energy is used by the cell. Diffusion across a membrane is called passive transport b/c no energy is used by the cell. In facilitated diffusion, proteins help move molecules across the membrane. In facilitated diffusion, proteins help move molecules across the membrane. Active Transport When a cell expends energy to move molecules or ions across a membrane the process is known as active transport. When a cell expends energy to move molecules or ions across a membrane the process is known as active transport. Usually opposes diffusion. Usually opposes diffusion. Active = ATP Active = ATP Osmosis Diffusion of water! Diffusion of water! 1. In a saline solution. Percentage of water is less on the outside of the cell, so water moves out. 1. In a saline solution. Percentage of water is less on the outside of the cell, so water moves out. 2. Equilibrium. 2. Equilibrium. Each green dot represents oxygen molecules. Will oxygen molecules move into or out of the cell? Will oxygen molecules move into or out of the cell? When will diffusion stop? When will diffusion stop? Vesicles Small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into and out of the cell. Small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into and out of the cell. Vesicles store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste. Vesicles store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste.transport digestcellularproducts wastetransport digestcellularproducts waste Endocytosis- taking substances in! Endocytosis- taking substances in! Exocytosis- Removing substances. Exocytosis- Removing substances. Ribosome's Proteins are constructed in a cell by ribosome's. (Protein Synthesis). Proteins are constructed in a cell by ribosome's. (Protein Synthesis). Ribosome's build proteins from the genetic instructions held within a messenger RNA. mRNA travels from nucleus. Ribosome's build proteins from the genetic instructions held within a messenger RNA. mRNA travels from nucleus. messenger RNA messenger RNA Endoplasmic Reticulum E.R. is responsible for folding, and transport of proteins and other molecules to be used in the cell. E.R. is responsible for folding, and transport of proteins and other molecules to be used in the cell. Rough and Smooth are physically connected, but differ in structure and function. Rough and Smooth are physically connected, but differ in structure and function. Rough E.R. contains ribosome's, smooth does not. Rough E.R. contains ribosome's, smooth does not. Salivary cells contain a lot of Rough E.R. Why? Salivary cells contain a lot of Rough E.R. Why? Smooth E.R. produces lipids! Smooth E.R. produces lipids! Golgi apparatus An organelle that modifies, stores, and routes protein and other chemical products to their destinations. An organelle that modifies, stores, and routes protein and other chemical products to their destinations. Vacuoles Storage of undigested nutrients. Storage of undigested nutrients. Lysosmes Membrane bound sacs called lysosmes contain digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules. Membrane bound sacs called lysosmes contain digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules. Mitochondria Sites where cellular respiration occurs. This process releases energy from sugars and certain other organic molecules and then uses it in the formation of another organic molecule called ATP (Energy). Sites where cellular respiration occurs. This process releases energy from sugars and certain other organic molecules and then uses it in the formation of another organic molecule called ATP (Energy). Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.organellesplant cells eukaryoticalgae photosynthesisorganellesplant cells eukaryoticalgae photosynthesis Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production in all green plants and the animals that depend on them, directly or indirectly, for food Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production in all green plants and the animals that depend on them, directly or indirectly, for food biomass