Cells Tissues Organ systems Organs Organisms 1665 – Robert Hooke observes cork is made of little...
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Transcript of Cells Tissues Organ systems Organs Organisms 1665 – Robert Hooke observes cork is made of little...
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Cells
Tissues
Organ systems
Organs
Organisms
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1665 – Robert Hooke observes cork is made of little compartments he calls “cells”
1674 – Leeuwenhoek observes living cells for the first time - animalcules
1838 – Schleiden determines all plants are made of cells
1839 – Schwann determines animals are made of cells
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1850 – Brown discovers the dense centers of certain cells and names the nucleus
1855 – Virchow discovers cells make more cells
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All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
Cells come from previously existing cells – NO spontaneous generation!
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There are two major types of cells:
Prokaryotes: literally means “before nucleus”
- primitive single celled life, the first!
- example: bacteria
- DNA found in cytoplasm (nucleoid)
- no membrane bound organelles
- extremely small (even for a cell!)
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Charomatin
nucleoid
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Prokaryotic Cells are BACTERIA(single cell, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles)
Bacteria have 3 BASIC shapes (simple cytoskeleton just inside the
membrane)
http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/shape/shape.html
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Eukaryotic
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Compare the sizes, the line represents 1 mm (1000 nm)
Typical Eukaryotic
Cell
This prokaryotic cellIs similar in size to a eukaryotic organelle
Prokaryoticcell
Virus
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Prokaryotes Vs. EukaryotesEukaryotes:
- literally means “true nucleus”
- DNA enclosed by the nuclear membrane
- Can be single celled like protists (amoebas, paramecium)
- Or can be part of a multicellular organism like: plants, animals or fungi
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Prokaryotes Vs. EukaryotesEukaryotes:
- significantly larger than prokaryotic cells
- have many more organelles than prokaryotic cells
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The membrane system in a eukaryotic cell is connected.
The nucleus is connected to the ER. Smoothe ER is connected to rough ER,
ER is connected to the cell membrane
Vesicles can be formed by any membrane bound organelle or by the cell membrane.
Vesicles transport food, enzymes and waste
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Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
Vacuoles – Large and small
Lysosomes and Vacuoles
Centrioles vs no Centrioles
Mitochondria vs. Chloroplasts.
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Cell pictures show a cell with “all organelles.
In reality, some cells have more of some organelles than others.
Some organelles are not present in some cells or present in small quantities (like Smooth ER), but are present in specialized cells (like liver cells).
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Liver cell◦ Synthesizes lipids◦ Metabolizes drugs and toxins
Enucleated RBC
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All cells must perform certain tasks to stay alive
Just how they go about it might be a little different depending on what organelles they have to work with.
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Be able to list the functions of all organelles
Describe why these jobs are important to survival of the cell
Describe how different cells accomplish these tasks
Compare and contrast the differences between cell types!
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Note Cilia
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How do we see animalcules and other small organisms (and parts of organisms).
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Tools◦ Objects used to improve the performance of a
task
Microscopes◦ Extend human vision by enlarging, with high
resolution, things that might be impossible to see.
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Use light (photons) to view specimens◦ Two types
◦Stereo (dissecting) microscope 40x – 70x magnification (in general) 3D view (two eye pieces) Live specimens can be viewed, but often used
to compare two things (ballistics, etc)
◦Compound Light Microscope Magnifies using two lenses – 1000x – 2000x Thick objects must be sliced thin enough so
that light passes through
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Gather light from the tiny area where a specimen is located (thinner more light transmitted)
Image is brought into focus by the objective lens (in a fairly short distance), then magnified by a second lens (the eye piece)
Resolution and magnification from the objective lens, magnification only from the eyepiece.
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Magnification◦ Increase in an object’s apparent size.
◦ Calculated in light microscopes by multiplying the magnification of each of the lenses
Resolution◦ Minimum distance between two objects at which the
objects can just be determined as separate. Depends on the wavelength of the light and the light gathering capability of the lens. (cannot go > 2000x; most 1000x
◦ Dmin = 1.22 x wavelength / N.A. objective + N.A. condenser
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A beam of electrons enlarged image
Higher magnification (up to 2,000,000x) and resolution (use electrons rather than photons) than light microscopes
Always black and white (color is added by computer, electrons do not emit a color)
Always dead (specimen must be in a vacuum chamber so… no air)
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Surface scanning 3D
Gold coated and electrons are “fired” at the metal coating (metal emits other electrons and these are projected onto a photographic plate (100,000 – 200,000x)
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Transmits electrons THROUGH a very thinly sliced specimen
Magnetic lenses enlarge the image (focuses charged particles rather than a light image)
Magnification 200,000x to 2,000,000x(this number may vary depending on the source)
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Metric system◦ Consists of base unit
Length = meter (m) Mass = gram (g) Volume = liters (l)
We will use units of length (meters) to describe the size of organisms
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Prefix prefix abbr unit = 1 x ____ meters
Nano n nm 10-9
Micro u or m 10-6
Milli m mm 10-3
Centi c cm 10-2
NO prefix A Angstrom 10-10
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What types of microscopes use light?
Which microscopes show “3D”
Which show only black and white
Which would be used to view details of cell organelles?
Which would be utilized to compare ballistics?
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Read information on the first pages. Fill in the “blanks” on the microscope, use your lab to help with this
Answer questions on second page, be sure to think about the characteristics of viruses vs. living things!