Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide

Plant & Animal Cells

Cell Theory

I. Cells are the building blocks of all living things• can be single-celled (called protozoa)• can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function

II. All life processes take place in cells• Energy production• Growth & reproduction

III. New cells are produced from existing ones• Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth

Parts of a Cell

• Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells• Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles

• Differences between Plant & Animal Cells:• Cell wall (plants)• Large single vacuole (plants)• Chloroplasts (plants)

Functions of the Organelles

• Cell Wall- The cell wall is an outer layer that surrounds and protects the cell and it also gives the cell its shape

• Cell Membrane- material that holds the contents of the cell inside• Vacuole - organelle that stores nutrients and waste• Chloraplast- organelles found only in plant cells that produce plant’s food (sugar)• Cytoplasm - clear, jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place• Nucleus- cell’s control center Contains chromosomes with DNA which contain the chemical instructions of life• Mitochondria - organelles that release energy (H2O, CO2) from combo of food and oxygen• DNA: - chemical that tells functions of life to cell

Others Not Included in Science Book

• Ribosome - make protein for cell• Golgi Apparatus - pack and carry proteins for cell• Endoplasmic Reticulum - an organelle for cell reactions

The Cells We’re Studying:Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Ribosome

E.R.

Golgi Vacuole

Mitochondria

CytoplasmCell Wall

Cell Membrane

Golgi

Ribosome

Chloroplast

MitochondriaE.R.

Vacuole

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Animal Cell

ChromosomesContain DNA

CytoplasmClear fluid

MicrotubulesStructural basis of the cells, used in mitosis

Nucleus Pore

VacuolesStores nutrients and waste

Cell MembraneControls what substances

enter & leave cell

MitochondriaCreates energy

Smooth ER*RibosomesMake Proteins

Rough ER*

Golgi apparatusFedEx: Transport System

Nucleolusregulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present.

NucleusControl Center

Nuclear membranecontrols what enters and leaves the nucleus

CentriolePull apart chromosoes during mitosis

*ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organellesRough contains Ribosomes

VacuoleStores nutrients and waste

MitochondriaCreates energy

Golgi apparatusFedEx: Transport System

Smooth ER*

Rough ER*ChloroplastMake sugars for food

Cell wallNucleus

Control Center

Cell MembraneControls what substances enter & leave cell

Nuclear membranecontrols what enters and leaves the nucleus

RibosomesMake Proteins

Nucleolusregulates all cell activity by controlling the

enzymes present.

DNAProvides cell instructions for

reproduction

CytoplasmClear fluid

MicrotubulesStructural basis of the cells, used in mitosis

*ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles

Rough contains Ribosomes

Nuclear pore

Plant Cell

Some Plant Cells have a centriole

Animal vs. Plant: What’s the Difference?

Animal Cell Characteristics• SMALL VACUOLE• NO CELL WALL• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Cytoplasm• Cell membrane• DNA• Chromosomes• Golgi Bodies• Ribosome• E.R.• DNA

Plant Cell Characteristics• CHLOROPLASTS• CELL WALL• BIG VACUOLE • Nucleus• Mitochondria• Cytoplasm• Cell membrane• DNA• Chromosomes• Golgi Bodies• Ribosome• E.R• DNA

Name all of the organelles in the

plant cell with BLUE shape by

their label.

WORD BOX

1. Cell Wall 4. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm 5. Chloroplast

3. Mitochondria 6. Vacuole

7. Cell Membrane

Animal Cell

Eukaryotehave a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

Prokaryotelack a nucleus (most bacteria)

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

• NucleusThe main control center of the cell

• CytoplasmThe jelly-like substance inside of the cell keeping the cell inflated, and allows

flow of nutrients

• NucleolusA small circular structure within the Nucleus which produces Ribosomes and

proteins

• Cell Membrane Allows transfer of nutrients and oxygen, and acts as a filter

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

• Cell Wall (plant cell only)Provides structural supportand protects the cell

• RibosomesThe small particles containing RNA and other proteins, these are found

in the cytoplasm of the cell

• MitochondriaThe part of the cell that makes food into energy

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

• LysosomeThe part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes

• Chloroplast (plant cell only)The part of the cell that produces thegreen coloring and performs photosynthesis

• GolgiThe part of the cell that modifies proteins for specific functions and

prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

• VacuoleAn area within the cell that stores food and/or waste of the cell

Parts of a Microscope

Examples of Protozoa

ParameciumHydra

Daphnia

Cell Family Tree

Cells

Prokaryote (no Nucleus)

Bacteria

Eukaryote(have a Nucleus)

Protozoa

Plant

Animal

Multicellular Organisms:5 Structural Levels of Organization

Cell

building block of life

Perform a specific function

Tissue

Organ SystemOrgan

Perform a specific job – made of at least 2 types of tissue

Organism

Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions

Muscle Cell

Nerve Cell

Blood Cells

Specialized Cells

Cell Reproduction

• Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes:

1. Mitosis= asexual reproduction• A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division.• Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues• Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells• Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division

Cell Reproduction

2. Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction• A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells. • The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed

• Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells combine to produce a fertilized egg

Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs. Meiosis (cell reproduction):

Mitosis

Meiosis