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Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________....
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Transcript of Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________....
Cell Structure
Chapter 4
2
Cell Theory
Cells were discovered in _______________
__________________.
Early studies of cells were conducted by
- Mathias Schleiden ____________(1838)
- Theodor Schwann ____________(1839)
Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.
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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
1. ________________________________.
2. Cells are _________________________.
3. Cells ____________________________.
All cells today represent a _______________________ from the _____ living cells.
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Cell Theory
Cell ___________________.
-As cell size ________, it takes _______ for material to ______ from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell.
Surface area-to-volume ratio:__________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Cell Theory
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Cell Theory
___________ are required to visualize cells.
Light microscopes can resolve structures that are ______ apart.
Electron microscopes can resolve structures that are _______ apart.
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Cell Theory
All cells have certain ___________________.
1. genetic material – ____________________
2. cytoplasm – ________________________
3. plasma membrane – _________________
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells ____________________ nucleus.
-genetic material is present in the nucleoid
Two types of prokaryotes:
-_____________________
-_____________________
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells possess
-genetic material in the ___________
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-_________________l
-_______________________
-___ membrane-bound organelles
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell walls-___________________________________
Bacterial cell walls-_________ composed of peptidoglycan -may be Gram positive or Gram negative
Archaean cell walls _________________.
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Prokaryotic Cells
Flagella
-present in _______ prokaryotic cells
-used for _________________
-rotary motion propels the cell
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells
-________ a membrane-bound nucleus
-are ____________ than prokaryotic cells
-___________________ many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system
-possess a cytoskeleton for___________
___________________________________
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
-stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of ________________________
-___________________a nuclear envelope composed of ______________
__________________________________
-__________________ – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
-the ______________________ in the cell
-composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
-found ________________of the cytoplasm and ______________ to internal membranes
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Endomembrane System
Endomembrane system-a _________________ throughout the cytoplasm-divides cell into compartments where
__________________________________1. endoplasmic reticulum2. Golgi apparatus3. lysosomes
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Endomembrane System
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-membranes that create a network of channels ____________ the cytoplasm
__________________________________gives a rough appearance
-___________________ to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
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Endomembrane System
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
-relatively few ribosomes attached
-functions:
-synthesis of membrane lipids
-calcium storage
-detoxification of foreign substances
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Endomembrane System
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Endomembrane System
Golgi apparatus
-____________________ of interconnected membranes
-_________________________________ to different parts of the cell
-synthesis of ______________________
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Endomembrane System
Lysosomes
-membrane bound vesicles containing
___________________________________
___________________________________
-________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Endomembrane System
Microbodies
-membrane bound vesicles
-contain ________
___________ of the endomembrane system
-glyoxysomes in _______ contain _____
_______________________________________
-peroxisomes contain___________________
_______________________________________
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Endomembrane System
Vacuoles-membrane-bound structures with various functions _________________________
There are different types of vacuoles:-central vacuole in _______ cells-contractile vacuole of ________________-vacuoles for _______________
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
-organelles present in all types of eukaryotic cells
-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP
-found in all types of eukaryotic cells
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Mitochondria
-surrounded by __ membranes-_____________ membrane-_______________ membrane with
layers called cristae-matrix is ________________________-intermembrane space is located
___________________________________-contain their _______________-
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Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts-organelles present in cells of ____________________other eukaryotes-contain ___________________________-surrounded by __ membranes-thylakoids are membranous sacs _____
_______________________ membrane-grana are ________________________
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Chloroplasts
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Endosymbiosis
-proposal that eukaryotic organelles _________ through a _________ relationship
-one cell ________ a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed
-________________________ are thought to have evolved this way
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Much evidence supports this endosymbiosis theory.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts:-have __ membranes-possess ______________________-are about the size of a ___________ cell-divide by a process similar to _________
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
-_____________________________ found in ___ eukaryotic cells
-___________ the shape of the cell
-keeps ____________________ locations
-helps _______________________ the cell
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton fibers include
-actin filaments – responsible for________________, crawling, “pinching”
-microtubules – ______________ to the cell and move materials ________ the cell
-intermediate filaments – _____________
_______________________________
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Cytoskeleton
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Cell Movement
Cell movement takes different forms.
-__________is accomplished via actin filaments and the protein myosin.
-Flagella ________ to move a cell.
-Cilia can be _______________ on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward.
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Cell Movement
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells have a similar structure:
-9-2 structure: ________ of microtubules that surround ____________ microtubules
-Cilia are usually _______________ than flagella on a cell.
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Cell Movement
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Extracellular Structures
Extracellular structures include:
-cell walls of _______________________
-extracellular matrix surrounding________
_____________-
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Extracellular Structures
Cell walls
-present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists
-the ___________ present in the cell wall _____ depending on the cell type:
-plant and protist cell walls - ________ -fungal cell walls -____________
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Extracellular Structures
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
-surrounds animal cells
-composed of ___________ and fibrous proteins such as _____________
-may be __________________________ via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane
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Extracellular Structures
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