Cell Structure and Function. What is a Cell? Each cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a...
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Transcript of Cell Structure and Function. What is a Cell? Each cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a...
Cell Structure and Function
What is a Cell?
Each cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus (in eukaryotic cells) or a nucleoid (in prokaryotic cells)
Components of Cell Membranes
Lipid bilayer
Cell Size and Shape
Surface-to-volume ratio limits cell size
Key Concepts: WHAT ALL CELLS HAVE IN COMMON
Each cell has a plasma membrane, a boundary between its interior and the outside environment
The interior consists of cytoplasm and an innermost region of DNA
How Do We See Cells?
Three key points of the cell theory:• All organisms consist of one or more cells• The cell is the smallest unit that retains the
capacity for life• A cell arises from the growth and division of
another cell
Relative Sizes
Membrane Structure and Function
Each cell membrane is a boundary (lipid bilayer) that controls the flow of substances across it
Fluid mosaic model• Membrane is composed of phospholipids,
cholesterol, proteins, and other components• Phospholipids drift within the bilayer
Common Membrane Proteins
Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria and archaeans• The simplest cells• The groups with greatest metabolic diversity
Prokaryote Structure
Cell wall• Surrounds plasma membrane
Flagella• Used for motion
Pili• Protein filaments used for attachment• “Sex” pilus transfers genetic material
bacterial flagellum
pilusplasma membrane
DNA in nucleoid
cytoplasm, with ribosomes
Most prokaryotic cells have a cellwall outside the plasma membrane,and many have a thick, jellylikecapsule around the wall. cell
wallcapsule
Introducing Eukaryotic Cells
Start with a nucleus and other organelles• Carry out specialized functions inside a cell
Components of The Nucleus
Nucleus separates DNA from cytoplasm• Chromatin (all chromosomal DNA with proteins)• Chromosomes (condensed)
Nucleolus assembles ribosome subunits
Nuclear envelope and Pores
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
The Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • An extension of the nuclear envelope• RER modifies new polypeptide chains• SER makes lipids; other metabolic functions
Golgi bodies • Further modify polypeptides• Assemble lipids
The Endomembrane System
Vesicles • Endocytic and exocytic: Transport or store
polypeptides and lipids• Peroxisomes: Digest fatty acids and amino acids;
break down toxins and metabolic by-products • Lysosomes: Intracellular digestion (animals)• Central vacuole: Storage; fluid pressure (plants)
Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria • Break down organic compounds by aerobic
respiration (oxygen-requiring)• Produce ATP
Chloroplasts• Produce sugars by photosynthesis
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
The Dynamic Cytoskeleton
Components of the cytoskeleton• Microtubules• Microfilaments• Intermediate filaments
Components of the Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton Function
Organizes and moves cell parts
Reinforces cell shape
Interactions between motor proteins and microtubules in cilia, flagella, and pseudopods can move the whole cell
Flagellum and Pseudopods