Cell OrganellesCell Organelles

Structures within a cell that are used Structures within a cell that are used to live, grow and reproduce.to live, grow and reproduce.

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Location - Location - surrounding the cell. ▪ the outermost surrounding the cell. ▪ the outermost membrane in animal cells but inside of the cell membrane in animal cells but inside of the cell wall in plant cellswall in plant cells

Description -Description - a fluid mosaic of a phospholipid a fluid mosaic of a phospholipid bilayer, with proteins, and other macromolecule bilayer, with proteins, and other macromolecule strands embedded in it or attached to it strands embedded in it or attached to it

Function - Function - controls the movement of substances controls the movement of substances into and out of the cellinto and out of the cell

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Cell WallCell Wall

Location -Location - the outermost layer of some cells the outermost layer of some cells (especially plant cells but never animal (especially plant cells but never animal cells)cells)

Description -Description - thick, rigid, composed of thick, rigid, composed of cellulose and lignin ▪ not a complete wall – cellulose and lignin ▪ not a complete wall – looks more like a scaffold around the celllooks more like a scaffold around the cell

Function - Function - protection ▪ support ▪ gives cell protection ▪ support ▪ gives cell shape. shape.

Cell WallCell Wall

CiliaCilia

Location - Location - extensions of the outer surface of the cell extensions of the outer surface of the cell membrane of any cell that moves itself, or needs to membrane of any cell that moves itself, or needs to move substances outside itself. These are NOT move substances outside itself. These are NOT found on all cellsfound on all cells

Description - Description - long, thin long, thin

Function -Function - movement of free swimming protista (like movement of free swimming protista (like paramecium) ▪ movement of extracellular material paramecium) ▪ movement of extracellular material (like the cilia lining your tracheal cells)(like the cilia lining your tracheal cells)

CiliaCilia

The small “hairy” structures on the The small “hairy” structures on the

outside of the Paramecium are ciliaoutside of the Paramecium are cilia

Internal structure of cilia and Internal structure of cilia and

flagella (9+2 arrangement)flagella (9+2 arrangement)

FlagellumFlagellum

Location -Location - extensions of the outer surface of the cell extensions of the outer surface of the cell membrane of motile (movable) cells, like sperm or membrane of motile (movable) cells, like sperm or Euglena (protist)Euglena (protist)

Description -Description - longer than cilia longer than cilia

Function - Function - movement of the swimming cellmovement of the swimming cell

FlagellumFlagellum

PlastidsPlastids

Location - Location - throughout plant cellsthroughout plant cells

Description - Description - (see chloroplast as an example)(see chloroplast as an example)

Function - Function - LeucoplastsLeucoplasts – store starch (e.g. in – store starch (e.g. in potato cells)potato cells)

- - Chromoplasts Chromoplasts store coloured store coloured pigments in colourful fruit cells pigments in colourful fruit cells (like tomato)(like tomato)

LeucoplastsLeucoplasts

Leucoplasts are the whitish,Leucoplasts are the whitish,

circular structures in the circular structures in the

cell shown here.cell shown here.

ChromoplastsChromoplasts

Red, circular Red, circular

structures in this structures in this

diagram are diagram are

chromoplasts chromoplasts

found in a redfound in a red

pepper cell.pepper cell.

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Location – found beneath the cell membrane Location – found beneath the cell membrane and branching throughout the cytoplasm.and branching throughout the cytoplasm.

Description – Long thin tubes or fibres Description – Long thin tubes or fibres Function – provides support to animal cells Function – provides support to animal cells

and aids in moving material throughout the and aids in moving material throughout the cell.cell.

CentriolesCentrioles

Location - Location - two at 90 two at 90 o o to each other form the centrosome to each other form the centrosome used in mitosis used in mitosis

Description -Description - not membrane bound, made of small tubules not membrane bound, made of small tubules

Function - Function - as a centrosome organize the spindle fibres as a centrosome organize the spindle fibres used in mitosis. they “anchor” and “organize” the used in mitosis. they “anchor” and “organize” the formation of cilia and flagellaformation of cilia and flagella

CentriolesCentrioles

NucleusNucleus

LOCATION - LOCATION - usually in the center of the cell usually in the center of the cell DESCRIPTION - DESCRIPTION - membrane bound: a double membrane bound: a double phospholipid bilayer membrane makes up the outer phospholipid bilayer membrane makes up the outer surface▪ pores in membrane▪ outer membrane surface▪ pores in membrane▪ outer membrane continuous with the endoplasmic reticulumcontinuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

FUNCTION - FUNCTION - control center of cell, ie. contains DNA control center of cell, ie. contains DNA which acts as a template for the manufacture of protein. which acts as a template for the manufacture of protein.

NucleusNucleus

Close up of nucleus Close up of nucleus →→

Nucleus within cell ↓Nucleus within cell ↓

ChromatinChromatin

Location Location - in the nucleus- in the nucleus

Description Description - unwound DNA ▪ “chromatin is - unwound DNA ▪ “chromatin is thin” (coiled DNA molecules are called thin” (coiled DNA molecules are called chromosomes) chromosomes)

Function -Function - template for the production of template for the production of proteinprotein

ChromatinChromatin

NucleolusNucleolus

Location – Location – found inside the nucleusfound inside the nucleus

Description –Description – small, spherical ▪ not membrane small, spherical ▪ not membrane bound ▪composed of protein and nucleic acidsbound ▪composed of protein and nucleic acids

Function – Function – important in the formation of important in the formation of ribosomesribosomes

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

Location -Location - a network throughout the cytoplasm – a network throughout the cytoplasm – attached to (or continuous with) the outer nuclear attached to (or continuous with) the outer nuclear membrane membrane

Description - Description - membrane bound: channels or canals membrane bound: channels or canals which are composed of a single membrane layerwhich are composed of a single membrane layer

▪ ▪ rough ER has ribosomes attached ▪ smooth does not rough ER has ribosomes attached ▪ smooth does not Function - Function - rough: the ribosomes attached produce rough: the ribosomes attached produce

proteins destined for export from the cell. The inside proteins destined for export from the cell. The inside of the E.R. modifies these proteins and then puts of the E.R. modifies these proteins and then puts them into vesicles to send to the Golgithem into vesicles to send to the Golgi

- smooth: manufacture lipids (fats)- smooth: manufacture lipids (fats)

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

This picture shows how the This picture shows how the

endoplasmic reticulum works endoplasmic reticulum works

with the Golgi.with the Golgi.

RibosomeRibosome

Location - Location - on the surface of the E.R. (rough E.R.) or free on the surface of the E.R. (rough E.R.) or free throughout the cytoplasmthroughout the cytoplasm

Description - Description - not membrane bound ▪ not membrane bound ▪

▪ ▪ 2 subunits (large and small) 2 subunits (large and small)

Function - Function - site of protein synthesissite of protein synthesis

RibosomeRibosome

This diagram showsThis diagram shows

the two subunits (largethe two subunits (large

and small) of a ribosome.and small) of a ribosome.

RibosomeRibosome

Ribosomes can be foundRibosomes can be found

on the endoplasmicon the endoplasmic

reticulum, or free-floatingreticulum, or free-floating

in the cytoplasm.in the cytoplasm.

Golgi Body (Complex)Golgi Body (Complex)

Location - Location - between the E.R. and the cell (outer) between the E.R. and the cell (outer) membranemembrane

Description - Description - membrane bound: a single membrane layer membrane bound: a single membrane layer outlining several stacked structures ▪ looks like a slightly outlining several stacked structures ▪ looks like a slightly curved stack of pancakescurved stack of pancakes

Function - Function - modifies proteins destined for secretion by modifies proteins destined for secretion by adding other molecules to them ▪ sends these proteins to adding other molecules to them ▪ sends these proteins to the cell membrane in secretory vesicles the cell membrane in secretory vesicles

Golgi Body (Complex)Golgi Body (Complex)

LysosomeLysosome

Location - Location - pinch off of the golgi apparatus but scattered pinch off of the golgi apparatus but scattered throughout the cytoplasmthroughout the cytoplasm

Description - Description - membrane bound: by a membrane layer membrane bound: by a membrane layer

▪ ▪ full of enzymesfull of enzymes

Function - Function - 3 functions all related to the enzymes they 3 functions all related to the enzymes they contain;contain;

1. digest the contents of a dead cell from the inside out1. digest the contents of a dead cell from the inside out

2. digest food particles engulfed by cell (by endocytosis)2. digest food particles engulfed by cell (by endocytosis)

3. digest invaders like bacteria and viruses engulfed by 3. digest invaders like bacteria and viruses engulfed by white blood cellswhite blood cells

LysosomeLysosome

MitochondrionMitochondrion

Location - Location - scattered throughout the cytoplasmscattered throughout the cytoplasmDescription - Description - membrane bound: have a double membrane membrane bound: have a double membrane

layer layer Have their own DNA Have their own DNA Function - Function - the different parts are surfaces and spaces the different parts are surfaces and spaces

where the many steps of cellular respiration occur where the many steps of cellular respiration occur (results in the production of cellular energy molecules (results in the production of cellular energy molecules called called ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate)) (adenosine triphosphate))

MitochondrionMitochondrion

MitochondrionMitochondrion

ChloroplastChloroplast

Location - Location - only in photosynthesizing cells, found in the cytoplasm ▪ more on only in photosynthesizing cells, found in the cytoplasm ▪ more on the sides of cells toward the direction of lightthe sides of cells toward the direction of light

Description - Description - membrane bound by a double membrane layer – contain membrane bound by a double membrane layer – contain chlorophyll – have their own DNA. Have stacks of membranes call chlorophyll – have their own DNA. Have stacks of membranes call thylakoidsthylakoids

Function – where Function – where photosynthesis occursphotosynthesis occurs

ChloroplastChloroplast

VacuoleVacuole

Location - Location - usually one large central one in plant cells, but usually one large central one in plant cells, but many scattered throughout in animal cellsmany scattered throughout in animal cells

Description -Description - membrane bound by a single membrane layer membrane bound by a single membrane layer ▪ contain water and other dissolved substances ▪ contain water and other dissolved substances

  Function -Function - temporary storage of food, water, and waste temporary storage of food, water, and waste

VacuoleVacuole