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Worksheet Cell Biology

What is a cell?

Diagrams of animal and plant cell

Home-Work

Each cell has compartment that carry out a special function within the cell and each of these

compartments is called an organelle (mini organ). For each organelle above identify their function and

hence their importance to the whole cell and complete the table below ( hint use the table at the back

as a guide).

e.g.

Organelle Cell the organelle is present in Function of the organelle

Chloroplast Plant cell Contains the green pigment

chlorophyll which traps sunlight

so this energy may be used tomake food in photosynthesis.

Comparison of the animal and plant cell

When doing a comparison you must compare similar features of different things and instead of saying

that a feature is absent say why its absent and what is present instead.

e.g.

Animal cell Plant cell

Contains starch granules Contains chloroplast

The features you compare must be similar in function.Dont just say that the feature is present

somewhere and absent another place if something that is different but carries out a similar function is

present.

Animal cell Plant cell

Starch granules absent Starch granules present

Function of the organelle Plant cell Animal cell

Granulecontains the form that

the animal or plant stores

glucose in

Contains starch granules( plants

store the glucose they make in

the form of starch)

Contains glycogen granules (

animals store the glucose they

obtain in the form of glycogen)

Not all the time is there a corresponding feature in the thing you are comparing that carries out a

similar function and in this case it is okay to say the structure is absent. Give a reason why the feature is

present or absent.e.g.

Plant Cell Animal cell

Has a cell wall containing cellulose and this

structure gives the cell a fixed shape and makes it

rigid. Its a fully permeable membrane that allows

everything in.

Cell wall is absent because the animal cell needs to

be flexible and so it does not have a fixed shape


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Compare the organelles present in the animal or plant cell or both (remember to state why this

organelle may be important to the cell)using the table below?

Comparison of the animal and plant cell

Organelle and its function

Plant cell Animal cell

Mitochondrion (sing ) mitochondria ( pl)

tranfersenery from the burning of organic

compounds to produce ATP ( Adenosine

triphosphate ) during respiration

Ribosomeorganizes the synthesis of

proteins

Endoplasmic reticulumprepares proteins

for export ( rough er) synthesizes steroids ,

regulates calcium levels breaks down toxc

substances ( smooth er)

Golgi apparatus - processes and packages

substances produced by the cell

Lysosomedigests molecules . old

organelles and foreign substances

Microfilaments and microtubules

contribute to the support movement and

division of the cells

Cilia and flagellapropel cells through the

environment, move materials over the cells

surface

Nucleuscontains chromosomes and the

nucleolus. Stores hereditary information in

the form of D.N.A. , synthesizes ribosomes

Cell wall- contains cellulose which makes it

rigid and so it supports and protects the cell

Vacuolestores enzymes and waste

products

Chloroplastsstores energy from the sun so

it can be used to make food or organiccompounds during photosynthesis

Granulecontains the form that the animal

or plant stores glucose in

Centriolestwo short rods composed of

microtubules located near the nucleus.

During cell division they are in the movement

of chromosomes by the microtubules

Cell membranethis consists of fat and

protein and it is a selectively permeable

membrane that controls what enters and

exits the cellCytoplasm

Home-work

1. Define cell specialization and obtain pictures of the following specialized cells: xylem cells,

phloem cells, red blood cells, sensory nerve cells, motor nerve cells,sperm cell, egg cell,

lymphocyte, phagocytes , smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells ,cardiac muscle cells,

palisade cells root hair cell.


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2.

Complete the table below:

Specialised Cell Could it have stem

from a plant cell or

an animal cell ?

What is the main

special function of

this cell.

Modifications ( how is it

different from a typical

animal or plant cell)

How do these modifications or

adaptations help it carry out its

function


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Specialised Cell Could it have stem

from a plant cell or

an animal cell ?

What is the main

special function of

this cell.

Modifications ( how is it

different from a typical

animal or plant cell)

How do these modifications or

adaptations help it carry out its

function

Cells ,diffusion ,osmosis and active transport

Concentration can be defined in two ways.

Eg(s) of dilute and concentrated solutions

Dilute solution: 1 teaspoon of sugar ( solute) to a lake (solvent ) of water

Concentrated solution: 10 tablespoons of sugar to a cup of water

Concept of a concentration gradient:

In order for a gradient to exist there has to be a high point and a _____ point.

Which one of these diagrams has a gradient:

Indicate in which case it would be easier to ride bicycle?

Situation A Situation B

In which situation would riding a bicycle require the MOST amount of energy

Concentration

Number of particles

e.g. area of high

concentration meansthere is a "whole heap" of

particles

e.g. area of low

concentration meansthere is a " lickle bit" of

particles

amount of solute that is

dissolved in a givenvolume of solvent

A solution is described as

being concentrated ifthere is a "wholeheap" of

solute "in a lickle bit " of

solevent

A solution is described as

being dilute if there is alickle bit of solute

dissolved in a whole heap

of solvent


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Concentration gradient

From the diagram identify the features of a concentration gradient?

Indicate on the diagram the direction in which particles may move?

Do particles usually move up or down the concentration gradient?

A solution consists of a solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent. A solution consists of solute and

solvent particles.

Movement of solvent and solute particles between solutions

Situation 1 Situation 2

For each situation above describe the following:

1.

The concentration of solute particles in situation A

2.

The concentration of solvent particles in situation B

3.

Whether solutions A and B in either situation is dilute or concentrated

4.

Predict the movement of SOLUTEparticles between solutions A and B

5.

Predict the movement of SOLVENTparticles between solutions A and B

6.

In 4&5 above determine whether the solute and solvent particles move up or down the

concentration gradient?

When particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration then this

process is referred to as _________. Diffusion is defined as the movement of particles from an area of

_____concentration to an area of ____ concentration. Diffusion can also be described as the movement

of particles ______ the concentration gradient.The particles will keep moving to achieve a situation

where each area has the same concentration of the particles and this is referred to as _________. Since

the particles are always moving to maintain equilibrium then the equilibrium achieved is referred to as

__________ equilibrium. Diffusion can completely be defined as the movement of particles from an area

of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the particles are at equilibrium. Construct an

alternative definition for diffusion?( hint!! Use concentration gradient)

When the solutions are separated by a barrier with holes in it then particles can move from one

solution to the next. If the ______ in the barrier are big enough to allow the solute and solvent particles

to pass through then the barrier is referred to as a _____ permeable membrane. If the holes of the

barrier are big enough to allow the solvent particles to pass through but too small for e solute particles

to pass through then this membrane because of the _____ of the holes selects which particles will go

through and so it is referred to as a ____________ permeable membrane. In the presence of a

selectively permeable membrane only solvent particles may be allowed to go through the barrier or

both solvent and small enough ________ particles.


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Examples of selectively and fully permeable membranes

Fully permeable membrane Selectively Permeable Membrane

Cell wall Cell membrane

Visking tubing

Parchment membrane

When two solutions are separated by a ___________ permeable membrane that only allows the

movement of solvent particles then a special type of diffusion occurs which is called ________. These

solvent molecules are usually small molecules such as _______ molecules or ethanol molecules. Osmosis

may be defined as the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of water

molecules to an area of low concentration of water molecules through a selectively-permeable

membrane until the water molecules are in ____________. Suggest another definition for osmosis in

terms of water molecules? (Hint !! Use concentration gradient )

Concentration can be defined in terms of the number of particles or the amount of solute dissolved in a

given volume of ________ within a solution. A solution may be described as dilute or concentrated. How

would solvent particles move between two solutions separated by a selectively -permeable membrane

in which one solution was dilute and the other solution is concentrated?

Can you describe osmosis in terms of the movement of water molecules between dilute and

concentrated solutions?

Using diagram A determine in which solution the water level will rise and draw a diagram to show any

differences between the heights of solutions A and B?

Three ways of defining osmosis:

Terms to be included Definition

osmosis Area of high concentration,area of lowconcentration,equilibrium,watermolecules,selective

permeable membrane

Dilute solution, concentrated solution ,equilibrium, water

molecules, selective permeable membrane,concentration

gradient

Solution with , concentrated solution ,equilibrium, water

molecules, selective permeable membrane,concentration

gradient

Complete the table below:

Process Diffusion Osmosis

Movement along the

concentration gradient

Down ( from areas of _____to

areas of ____ concentration )

______ ( from areas of high to

areas of low concentration )

Membrane present A membrane may be ______ or

if present it may allow all

particles to move through it

regardless of its ____ i.e. it is

____ permeable

Membrane present selects which

particles can cross it based on

their size i.e. the membrane is

_________ permeable

Types of particles moving ___particles e.g. gas molecules,

solute molecules, solvent

molecules , ions etc .

________ molecules e.g. water

molecules or ethanol molecules

Occurrence _______ solutions e.g. when

potassium permanganate is

________solutions and involves

the movement of


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added to water _________molecules ONLY.

Does the process occur

spontaneously or need

assistance

________________ _______________

Description of solutions when compared to one another

Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic are terms that are used to describe the concentration of one

solution in comparison to another solution. Complete the table below.

Term Prefix and

meaning

Suffix and meaning Definition

Hypertonic Hyper

above

-tonic refers to the

amount of solute in the

solution

Hypotonic Hypo- under -tonic refers to the


solution

Isotonic Iso- equal -tonic refers to the


solution

Describe solution A in relation to solution B in situation 1 and 2?

Situation 1 Situation 2

The cell contains a solution inside. It contains a cell fluid in which all the organelles are suspended and

interact with each other by sending substances from one organelle to the next and this is called the

cytoplasm ( cyto-cell plasm-fluid). Water can either enter or exit the cell depending on which type of

solution the cell is placed in. The outer barrier around the cell is called the ________________of the cell

and the inner barrier around the cell is called the ___________________ and acts as the

________________.


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When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it _______ water, when placed in a hypotonic solution it

gains _______, when placed in a solution that is isotonic it neither _____ nor ____ water. When the cell

gains water it_______and the adjective used to describe it is_________and when a cell loses water it

________and so the adjective used to describe it is_________.Both cells can gain water and both be

firm or _______ but one cell has a retaining wall that will prevent it from gaining too much water and

help it to stay firm and intact but the other cell has no retaining wall and so it _______. Which cell do

you think bursts and which cell does not? When a cell bursts this is described as ________(cyto-cell lysis-

to burst). When one cell loses water one cell eventually shrivels and dies because for the reactions in the

cell to take place they need ______. When the other cell loses of water this causes the cell fluid known

as the __________ to tear away from the cell wall. In which cell do you think each situation happens?

Plasmolysis ( plasm-fluid lysis-to split) occurs when the fluid tears away from the cell wall because it has

lost so much water, in which cell does this occur?

Label which cell represents plasmolysis and which represents cytolysis? As the pressure within the plant

cell increases it reaches a point where it begins to push out water or prevent water from entering and

this pressure is referred to as the turgor pressure ( think of when you eat and your belly is full).

Activity

Predict whether water will move into or out of the cell. (calculate the percentages of solute and solvent

and predict the movement of water, identify the semi-permeable membrane and then predict the

direction in which water will move)

Which adjective would you use to describe solution A (outside of the cell) relative to the cell (remember

look at the amount of solute in each solution) hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic?

Movement of particles contd

If the particles are given additional energy then they can move uphill i.e. they can move up or against

the concentration gradient and this process is known as active transport. Complete the table below by

with possible definitions of active transport?

Terms to be included Definition

Active

transport

Area of high concentration, area of low

concentration, equilibrium, particles

Area of high concentration, area of low

concentration, equilibrium, particles



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Identify which diagram which represents diffusion and which represents active transport?

A B

Complete the table below :

Process Diffusion Osmosis Active transport

Movement along the


Down ( from areas of

_____to areas of ____

concentration )

______ ( from areas of

high to areas of low

concentration )

___ ( from areas of

___ concentration

to areas of high

concentration,

Membrane present A membrane may be

______ or if present it

may allow all particles to

move through it

regardless of its ____ i.e.

it is fully permeable

Membrane present

selects which particles

can cross it based on

their size i.e. the

membrane is _________

permeable

A membrane may

be ______ or if

present it

will____affect

which particles can

enter or exit the

cell.

Types of particles

moving

____particles e.g. gas

molecules, solute

molecules, solventmolecules , ions etc .

________ molecules e.g.

water molecules or

ethanol molecules

___particles e.g.

gas molecules,

solute molecules,solvent molecules ,

ions etc

Occurrence ________ solutions e.g.

when potassium

permanganate is added

to water

_________solutions and

involves the movement

of ________molecules

ONLY.

________ solutions

and involves the

movement of

different types of

particles

Does the process occur

spontaneously or need

assistance

_______________ ______________ Need _________.

These particles may

need _______ ( this

energy may beobtained from the

mitochondria

within the cell from

a molecule called (

ATPadenosine

triphosphate) to

move across a

barrier or it may

get assistance from

_______ molecules

e.g. protein carriers

Examples Movement of potassium

manganate( _______

molecules) through

water ( _______

molecules). This shows

the movement of

particles ______ a

solution.

Movement of water in or

out of a cell. (the water

moves ______ the

solution outside of the

cell and the solution

within the cell called the

________)

Transport of

minerals e.g.

nitrates into root

hair cells.


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Use your knowledge of diffusion to predict what will occur in the diagram below and what will be

observed? i.e identify

1.

The particles that will move

2.

Identify any membrane present

3.

The type of membrane present

4.

If any colour changes will be observed and where

5.

Whether or not water levels will rise and where

Background information:

Starch is a large molecule, water is a small and glucose is smaller than a starch molecule but still much

bigger than a water molecule. The visking tubing has holes in it that allow small molecules to pass

through it.

Using the same apparatus above determine if there will be any colours changes that would be observed

and where?

Background information: when iodine comes in contact with any solution containing starch it becomes

blue black.

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