CDM Potential in Animal CDM Potential in Animal Manure Management and Manure Management and

Estimation of Emission Estimation of Emission ReductionReduction

April 9, 2007April 9, 2007

Training for Carbon Finance UnitTraining for Carbon Finance Unit

Flora Tao, Zijun Li, Zarina AzizovaFlora Tao, Zijun Li, Zarina Azizova

Agenda

Potential AMMS CDM projects Potential AMMS CDM projects Applicable methodologies Applicable methodologies Rule-of-thumb for estimation of ERRule-of-thumb for estimation of ER

Key parameters to estimate ERKey parameters to estimate ER Monitoring of AMMSMonitoring of AMMS

Other issues related to large scale Other issues related to large scale biogas plantbiogas plant

Potential AMMS CDM Potential AMMS CDM ProjectProject

Animal manure: methane and N2O emissionsAnimal manure: methane and N2O emissions

Baseline:Manure storage methods:

Solid, dry, liquid, pits, deep litter, open anaerobic lagoon

Project Scenario:Manure treatment system:•Anaerobic treatment with methane recovery/utilization •Combustion of manure •Aerobic treatment

Transitions between these alternatives Transitions between these alternatives can can reduce methane and N2O emissions.reduce methane and N2O emissions.

Potential of carbon finance Potential of carbon finance in AMMS project activities in AMMS project activities (cont)(cont)

Biogas digester and power generation Biogas digester and power generation Minhe Chicken farms Biogas co-generation Minhe Chicken farms Biogas co-generation

system project, Chinasystem project, China

Covered lagoons + flaring with or without Covered lagoons + flaring with or without utilization of biogas utilization of biogas

Methane Recovery and Utilization Project, Methane Recovery and Utilization Project, Mexico Mexico

Combustion of chicken litter with or without Combustion of chicken litter with or without power generationpower generation3 MW Poultry Litter Fueled Power Project, India3 MW Poultry Litter Fueled Power Project, India

Case Study: Minhe Poultry Mature Case Study: Minhe Poultry Mature

Biogas ProjectBiogas Project

Pre-project activity condition : uncovered lagoon

Project activity condition: Biogas digester with co- generation and aerobic treatment of liquid residue

Minhe Poultry Mature Biogas Minhe Poultry Mature Biogas ProjectProject

• Total chicken population: 3.6 million broiler and 1.4 million breeder

• Daily fresh manure 500 tons with 20% of Total solid

• Waste water of 1000 ton from flushing the chicken barn

• Current practice of manure management: uncovered lagoon • Proposed project: Anaerobic Digester + Co-generation

• Total Investment: 40.7 million RMB• O&M Cost: 5.5 million RMB• Revenue w/o carbon: 7.6 million • Revenue w/ carbon: 14.2 million

Without Without CarbonCarbon

With With carboncarbon

IRRIRR 2.38%2.38% 18%18%

NPV NPV (discount (discount rate=9%)rate=9%)

-18 million -18 million RMBRMB

33 million 33 million RMBRMB

Payback Payback PeriodPeriod

20 year20 year 5.6 year5.6 year

Combustion of poultry litter for power generation

Baseline: poultry litter disposed of in a landfill CDM Project: combustion of poultry litter to

produce electricity and to avoid methane production. Manure should be dry !

Applicable methodology: AMS.III.E Costs: Installed costs per MW is in the range of

1.5 to 3 Mln USD. Rules of thumb: The poultry farm produces 100

tons of dry poultry litter per day which sustains 3MW power plant and reduces 65,000 tons of CERy (45k from metahne avoidance and 20k from electricity displacement). .

Methane recovery from Methane recovery from covered lagoonscovered lagoons

BaselineBaseline: open anaerobic lagoon: open anaerobic lagoon CDM projectCDM project: lined covered lagoon with : lined covered lagoon with

HDPE geomembrane HDPE geomembrane Applicable methodologiesApplicable methodologies: ACM10 & : ACM10 &

AMS.III.DAMS.III.D Installed costsInstalled costs: USD 150,000 (without : USD 150,000 (without

power generator)power generator) Operational costs: Operational costs: USD 2500USD 2500 Number of heads:Number of heads: 73,000 swine 73,000 swine Estimated ERsEstimated ERs: 61k tons of CO2e per annum: 61k tons of CO2e per annum

Applicable approved Applicable approved methodologiesmethodologies

ACM0010 - GHG emission reductions fromACM0010 - GHG emission reductions frommanure management systemsmanure management systems

For project with emission reductions For project with emission reductions

below 60kt CO2e/ybelow 60kt CO2e/y

AMS.III.D – methane recovery in agricultural AMS.III.D – methane recovery in agricultural and agro industrial activities and agro industrial activities

AMS III.E – avoidance of methane production AMS III.E – avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled from biomass decay through controlled combustioncombustion

Rule of Thumb for Rule of Thumb for ER ER EstimationEstimation(Annual Average Temperature >= 10 C)(Annual Average Temperature >= 10 C)

EECH4,yCH4,y = GWP = GWPCH4,yCH4,y * D * DCH4CH4 * MCFj * B * MCFj * Bo,LTo,LT * N * VS * N * VSLT,yLT,y * MS% * MS%Bl,jBl,j Animal Animal

typetype

ParameterParameter

Breeding Breeding ChickenChicken

BroilerBroiler Market Market SwineSwine

Dairy CowDairy Cow

GWPCH4 2121 2121 2121 2121

DDCH4CH4 (t/m3) (t/m3) 0.000670.00067 0.000670.00067 0.000670.00067 0.000670.00067

MCF (%)MCF (%) 0.70.7 0.70.7 0.70.7 0.70.7

Uncertainty Uncertainty (%)(%)

0.940.94 0.940.94 0.940.94 0.940.94

MS%MS% 11 11 11 11

NNpopulationpopulation (head)(head)

11 11 11 11

BBoo (m3 CH4 (m3 CH4 /kg_dm)/kg_dm)

0.390.39 0.360.36 0.290.29 0.240.24

VSVSpopulationpopulation ( (kg-kg-dm/animal/day)dm/animal/day)

0.020.02 0.010.01 0.300.30 5.45.4

EECH4,y CH4,y

(tCO2e/year)(tCO2e/year)0.0260.026 0.0120.012 0.290.29 4.384.38

Important factors to Important factors to consider consider

Existing manure treatment system on livestock Existing manure treatment system on livestock farmsfarms

Methane Conversion Factor Methane Conversion Factor (MCF)(MCF)

Pasture 1%-2%Pasture 1%-2% Daily spread 0.1%-1.0%Daily spread 0.1%-1.0% Solid storage 2%-5%Solid storage 2%-5% Dry lot 1%-2%Dry lot 1%-2% Liquid/slurry 17%-80%Liquid/slurry 17%-80% Uncovered anaerobic lagoon (depth>=1m2) Uncovered anaerobic lagoon (depth>=1m2)

66%-80%66%-80% Pit storage under animal confinements Pit storage under animal confinements

17%-80%17%-80% Anaerobic digester 0%-100%Anaerobic digester 0%-100% Aerobic treatmentAerobic treatment 0%0%

Important factors to Important factors to consider (cont.)consider (cont.) Climate: Climate: Annual average temperature in the baseline Annual average temperature in the baseline

site should be higher than 5 Csite should be higher than 5 C

Depth of open lagoons in the baseline scenario: >= 1 Depth of open lagoons in the baseline scenario: >= 1 mm22. The size of lagoon should be large enough to store . The size of lagoon should be large enough to store at least one month output of manure.at least one month output of manure.

Livestock speciesLivestock species: : ACM0010 livestock definition: cattle, ACM0010 livestock definition: cattle, buffalo, swine, sheep, goats, and poultrybuffalo, swine, sheep, goats, and poultry

Farm’s livestock capacity:Farm’s livestock capacity: a. a. Static populationStatic population b. b. Growing population: Growing population: AAP = Days_alive * {NAPA/365} AAP = annual average populationAAP = annual average population NAPA = number of animals produced annuallyNAPA = number of animals produced annually

Animal Population(Layer, Broiler)

Anaerobic Digester System

Power generationsystem

Aerobic lagoon

Project Boundary

Biogas CH4 Con.

Biogas flow Rate 2

VS. N Con.Sludge flow rate 5

Operation hours

ElectricityMeter 2

ElectricityMeter 3

Monitoring Plan

Grid

ElectricityMeter 1by Grid

Company

ElectricityConsumption

Meter 4

Land application

Biogas flow Rate 1

VS. N. Con.Effluent flow rate 2

VS. N Con.Effluent flow rate 4

Gas tank

VS. N. Con.Effluent flow rate3

VS. N. conManure flow rate 1

FlaringTower

Other issues and benefitsOther issues and benefits

Issues:Issues:• If arsenic is added to the feedstock, ensure that the level of If arsenic is added to the feedstock, ensure that the level of

arsenic or other heavy metals in the feedstock are within arsenic or other heavy metals in the feedstock are within permissible limits permissible limits

• Measure the arsenic content of slurry/compost before land Measure the arsenic content of slurry/compost before land applicationapplication

Benefits:Benefits:1.1. Source for renewable energySource for renewable energy2.2. Improved quality of fertilizer Improved quality of fertilizer

– reduce the burn effect and improve the plant tolerance, reduce the burn effect and improve the plant tolerance, – balanced P and K in slurry, balanced P and K in slurry, – reduce the germination ability of weed seeds) reduce the germination ability of weed seeds)

3.3. Environmental benefit Environmental benefit – reduced nitrate leaching, reduced nitrate leaching, – reduced odour problems, reduced odour problems, – hygienize liquid manure,hygienize liquid manure,– avoid costs for connection to a central seweravoid costs for connection to a central sewer

Other issues on large scale Other issues on large scale biogas plant feasibility and biogas plant feasibility and operationsoperations

Economic FeasibilityEconomic Feasibility Economic value of biogas: access to grid and Economic value of biogas: access to grid and

tariff for the electricity generated from tariff for the electricity generated from biogas or fuel cost saving for heating/cookingbiogas or fuel cost saving for heating/cooking

Market value for biogas residue as organic Market value for biogas residue as organic fertilizer for land applicationfertilizer for land application

Transportation distance in case of centralized Transportation distance in case of centralized biogas plantsbiogas plants

Security of long-term supply of matureSecurity of long-term supply of mature

Main Features of modern biogas plant– Handling mixed slurry with maximum 8-10 % TS including straw

bedding and the like in the input– With adequate mixing inside to prevent floating layer build up, to

control sand/sediments from building up and to ensure full mix – Adequate insulation and reliable and accurate temperature control,– Corrosion resistant and gas-proof top construction (that stays gas-

proof), – Safety measures to protect from damage from pumping errors and

gas over or under pressures.

Resources of large scale biogas plant technologyResources of large scale biogas plant technology Biogas plant planning guideline, good practice of management of AD ResiduesBiogas plant planning guideline, good practice of management of AD Residueshttp://www.biogasbranchen.dk/view.asp?ID=1132http://www.biogasbranchen.dk/view.asp?ID=1132 Large scale manure based biogas plants in Denmark Configuration and Large scale manure based biogas plants in Denmark Configuration and

operational experienceoperational experience IRIS under folder CFU-Lesson learned IRIS under folder CFU-Lesson learned

Other issues on large scale biogas Other issues on large scale biogas plant feasibility and operationsplant feasibility and operations

Thank youThank you

ANNEX I : Key factors determining methane emissions

– BBo, LT o, LT ((m3 CH4 /kg_dm)m3 CH4 /kg_dm)

Maximum methane Maximum methane production potential production potential of animal type LT.of animal type LT.

– MCF (methane MCF (methane conversion factor)conversion factor) Percentage of feed Percentage of feed energy converted to energy converted to methane. A system-methane. A system-specific index specific index reflecting the portion reflecting the portion of Bo that is of Bo that is achievedachieved..

SystemSystem MCF values MCF values (IPCC)(IPCC)

Liquid/SlurryLiquid/Slurry 17%-80%17%-80%

Uncovered Uncovered anaerobic anaerobic lagoonlagoon

66%-80%66%-80%

Anaerobic Anaerobic digesterdigester

0%-100%0%-100%

Pit storage Pit storage below animal below animal confinementsconfinements

17%-80%17%-80%

Key factors determining Key factors determining methane emissions (cont.)methane emissions (cont.)

– VS value: (kg-dm/day) VS value: (kg-dm/day) volatile solid for livestock LT entering all AWMS.volatile solid for livestock LT entering all AWMS. VS influences CH4 content in the manure. VS influences CH4 content in the manure.

1.1. Category of animalCategory of animal North America North America Western Europe Western EuropeEastern EuropeEastern Europe

Dairy cattleDairy cattle 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.5 4.5 Market SwineMarket Swine 0.27 0.27 0.3 0.3

0.3 0.3 Breeding swine 0.5Breeding swine 0.5 0.46 0.46 0.5 0.5 Poultry (Broilers) 0.01Poultry (Broilers) 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.010.01 Other chickensOther chickens 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

0.020.02 Ducks 0.02Ducks 0.02 0.02 0.02

0.02 0.02 To measure the country-specific VS values, countries should estimate To measure the country-specific VS values, countries should estimate

dietary intake of livestock.dietary intake of livestock.

Key factors determining N2O emissions

Direct N2O emission Direct N2O emission Annual N excretion rates Annual N excretion rates

(Tier 1)(Tier 1)

Nex(T ) = Nex(T ) = Nrate(TNrate(T))•(TAM/1000)*365 •(TAM/1000)*365

NEXrate,default (kgN/1000kg NEXrate,default (kgN/1000kg weight/day)weight/day)

Daily average nitrogen Daily average nitrogen excretion per 1000kg animal excretion per 1000kg animal

CategorCategory of y of animalanimal

North North AmericAmericaa

WesterWestern n EuropeEurope

EasterEastern n EuropEuropee

Dairy Dairy cattlecattle

0.440.44 0.480.48 0.350.35

Market Market SwineSwine

0.420.42 0.510.51 0.550.55

BreedinBreeding swineg swine

0.240.24 0.420.42 0.460.46

Poultry Poultry (Broiler(Broilers)s)

1.11.1 1.11.1 1.11.1

Other Other chickenchickenss

0.830.83 0.830.83 0.820.82

DucksDucks 0.830.83 0.830.83 0.830.83

Key factors determining N2O emissions (cont.)

TAM (kg)TAM (kg) Typical animal mass for livestock categoryTypical animal mass for livestock category

Category of animalCategory of animal North America North America Western Europe Western EuropeEastern EuropeEastern Europe

Dairy cattleDairy cattle 604 604 600 550 600 550 Market SwineMarket Swine 46 50 50 46 50 50 Breeding swine 198Breeding swine 198 198 198

180 180 Poultry (Broilers) 0.9Poultry (Broilers) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Other chickensOther chickens 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Ducks 2.7Ducks 2.7 2.7 2.7

2.7 2.7 IPCCIPCC

NNintakeintake method (Tier 2) method (Tier 2) NEX = NNEX = Nintakeintake * (1-N * (1-Nretentionretention)) the amount of dry matter intake by livestock should the amount of dry matter intake by livestock should

be monitoredbe monitored

Direct emission factor for N2O-N emissionsDirect emission factor for N2O-N emissions (kg N2O-N/kg N)(kg N2O-N/kg N) Management System Default EF for direct N2O Management System Default EF for direct N2O

emissionemission Liquid/SlurryLiquid/Slurry 0.005 0.005 Uncovered anaerobic lagoonUncovered anaerobic lagoon 0 0 Anaerobic digester 0Anaerobic digester 0 Pit storage below animal confinement 0.002Pit storage below animal confinement 0.002 Aerobic treatment 0.01Aerobic treatment 0.01 IPCCIPCC

EEN2O,DN2O,D =GWP =GWPN2ON2O*CF*CFN2O-N,NN2O-N,N/1000*EF/1000*EFN2O,D,j N2O,D,j *NEX*N* MS*NEX*N* MS%%

Key factors determining N2O Key factors determining N2O emissionsemissions

Indirect N2O emissionsIndirect N2O emissions (N2O emissions (N2O emissions due to volatilization from manure due to volatilization from manure management)management)

FFgasmgasm Fraction of managed manure that Fraction of managed manure that

volatilizesvolatilizes Category of animalCategory of animal Anaerobic lagoon Anaerobic lagoon Pit Pit

storagestorage Dairy cattleDairy cattle 35% (20%-80%) 28% (10%- 35% (20%-80%) 28% (10%-

40%)40%) SwineSwine 40% (25%-75%) 25% (15%- 40% (25%-75%) 25% (15%-

30%) 30%) Poultry Poultry 40% (25%-75%) - 40% (25%-75%) - IPCCIPCC

Key factors determining N2O Key factors determining N2O emissions (cont.)emissions (cont.)

EFEFN2O,ID N2O,ID (kg N20-N/kg NH3-N and NOx-N)(kg N20-N/kg NH3-N and NOx-N) Indirect emission factor for N2O emissions Indirect emission factor for N2O emissions

from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on soils and water surfaces soils and water surfaces

=> IPCC defualt volatilisation factors for indirect => IPCC defualt volatilisation factors for indirect soil N2O emissions: soil N2O emissions:

0.0100.010

EEN2O,ID,YN2O,ID,Y =GWP =GWPN2ON2O**CFCFN2O-N,NN2O-N,N /1000*EF /1000*EFN2O,IDN2O,ID* F* Fgasmgasm *NEX*N* MS%*NEX*N* MS%

Key factors determining N2O emissions (cont.)

Leakage from manure Leakage from manure projectsprojects Major leakage from manure projects: Methane and Major leakage from manure projects: Methane and

N2ON2Oemissions due to disposal/land application of the treatedemissions due to disposal/land application of the treatedmanure to the environment.manure to the environment.

Methane leakageMethane leakageLELECH4 CH4 = GWP= GWPCH4 CH4 * D* DCH4CH4 * MCF * (1-R * MCF * (1-Rvs,nvs,n) * B) * Bo o * N* NLTLT * VS * VSLT LT * MS%* MS%

RRvs,n vs,n For subsequent treatment stages, Rvs,n is the relative reduction of For subsequent treatment stages, Rvs,n is the relative reduction of

volatile solids from the previous stage.volatile solids from the previous stage. Anaerobic treatmentAnaerobic treatment TSTS VSVS TNTN

Heated digester Heated digester effluent prior to effluent prior to storagestorage

25%-25%-50%50%

40%-40%-70%70%

00

One-cell lagoonOne-cell lagoon 75%-75%-95%95%

75%-75%-85%85%

60%-80%60%-80%

Two-cell lagoonTwo-cell lagoon 80%-80%-95%95%

90%-90%-98%98%

50%-80%50%-80%

N2O leakageN2O leakage

LELEN2ON2O = LE = LEN2O,landN2O,land + LE + LEN2O,runoffN2O,runoff + LE + LEN20,volN20,vol

* * LELEN2O,runoffN2O,runoff

= EF= EF55 * F * Fleachleach * (1-R * (1-RN,nN,n) * NEX) * NEXLTLT * N * NLTLT

EFEF5 5 (0.0075) and F (0.0075) and Fleachleach (0.3) are affected by the (0.3) are affected by the amount of precipitation in the field. amount of precipitation in the field.

Leakage from manure Leakage from manure projects (cont.)projects (cont.)