CD Planning Introduction

7/29/2019 CD Planning Introduction

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ILH 271: Community Development Planning

(CD Planning)

A. Course Description: Philosophy, principles and problem of CD Planning implementation inIndonesia

B. Objectives: At the end of the courses the students should be able to:

1. demonstrate a clear understanding of the concepts of CD

and its implementation in CD Planning

2. describes the components of CD Planning and their inter-relationships andfind out how the theories and principles can be applied

3. explain the various models/strategies of CD Planning

4. present a critical analysis of CD Planning situation in Indonesia and other

country

C. Course Requirements:

1. Classroom participations

2. Classroom presentations

3. Papers/Reports/Cases study

D. Lecturers:

1. Prof Dr. Sudharto P. Hadi, MES

2. Prof. Ir. Suryanto, MSPSL

3. Dr J.C. Tukiman Taruna



ILH 271:

Community Development PlanningBy J.C. Tukiman Taruna

A. History and background

B. The Concept of CDC. The Principles of CD

D. The Nature and/or Spirit of CD

E. How to design the CD Planning?



A. History and Background

1. The term of “community development” wasintroduced in the US in the 1930s to denotecommunity participation in planning influencedby (a) experiences of adult education, community services, and socialwelfare program, and (b) post-world war II activities of the University of

Kentucky and Washington in assisting depressed communities.

2. The social welfare program experiences in US andEurope contribute to the ideology underlying the

concept and approach of CD this welfare program isrooted in relief and other charitable efforts to help the poor whichfocused primarily on the urban poor



3. In 1948, term of CD was first used officially at

the British Colonial Office’s Cambridge

Conference on the Development of AfricanInitiatives it was proposed to help the British African territories

prepare for independence by improving local government and developing

the territories economically.

4. The first major CD program was launched in

India in 1952 by Ford Foundation and US

Foreign economic assistance agency (then there are

program in Philippines and Nepal, 1956; Vietnam, 1957; Laos, Thailand,

South Korea, 1958; Cambodia, 1959)



Based on such historical back-ground:

What is CD?

• CD as a concept is an outgrowth of the educational

movement it is a product in most cases of university extension, it

is education-oriented, therefore be considered as adult education.

•

CD also is marked by universality, a belief and a faithequally applicable to all nations however because of

socially, economically, and politically depressed in some areas of the

world, it was happen that the priority is in underdeveloped countries

•

The main problem in CD are: (a) population is increasing,(b) population movement from rural to urban, © rural people continue to

respond with indifference to change, and (d) the worst impact of war.



Relationships the CD with ……..

• CD – Social Change: SC is neutral either

progression or regression, while CD is

achievement community

• CD – Community Organization: CO is a sub-set

of CD, namely CO is a method only and change

oriented

• CD–

Rural Development: CD both for rural

and urban, while RD is focused on rural



• CD – Extension Education:

- Similarities: (a) both are a democratic

approaches through persuasion; (b) seek toimprove the life of people; and © educational

approach.

- Differences: (a) locus of operation: CD in thecommunity as a whole, EE at individual/family

level; (b) approach: CD used wholistic, while EE

focused on one aspect, e.g planting; © change

agents: CD is generalistic, while EE is use to a

specialist; (d) implementation: CD is by, for, and

from the people; EE by the government,

university, NGO etc.



B. The Concepts of CD

1. CD as PROCESS

2. CD as METHOD

3. CD as PROGRAM

4. CD as MOVEMENT



1. CD as a process

•

Through mastering the process, people learn how tohelp themselves to uplift their quality of lives. Theprocess is one which people:

- determine their goals

- inventory existing condition- compare present conditions with desires goals in

order to discover their needs

- develop possible plans

- select the most desirable plan

- execute the plan

- evaluate result

- decide on future courses of action.



2. CD as METHOD

• CD is not only the process, since it is a process thathas method through four steps:

- First step is systematic discussion of common feltneeds by members of community.

- Second step is systematic planning to carry out thefirst self-help undertaking that has been accepted bythe community.

- Third step is the almost complete mobilization and

harnessing of the physical, economic, and socialpotentialities of local community groups.

- Fourth step is the creation of aspiration and thedetermination to undertake additional communityimprovement projects.



SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT

1. DISCUSSING COMMON PROBLEMS

2. PLANNING SYSTEMATICALLY

3. MOBILIZING LOCAL RESOURCES

4. UNDERTAKING ADDITIONAL PROJECTS



3. CD as PROGRAM

• Its an action or even serial activities

where people have open opportunity

to freely take in part (participation).



4. CD as MOVEMENT

• People not only involve/ participate

in the program, but they have good

commitment, emotional linkages,while the institution at community

level become stronger.



C. The Principles of CD

1. Wholistic

2. Self-help

3. Democratic

4. Voluntary

5. People-center



1. Wholistic

a. The CD program should be based on integrated approachand wholistic needs of the community, not only social andeconomic aspects Integrated development if the totalcommunity life

b. For the program to be effective, it must be based on the

understanding of the culture patterns of the community

integrative quality and multiplicity of culture

c. The CD program must be based on the sound foundation of facts able to unite broad objectives, sound organization,careful and realistic planning.

d. The CD program must start where people are and beginwith their felt-needs. to response their need as seen bythem

e. The CD program must be built from the bottom



2. Self-help

a. The spirit of CD lies in helping people to help

themselves self-help: improve self

respect, self determination, self organization

b. Voluntary cooperation rather than

compulsion improve mutual trust

c. Development of attitude of self-confidence,

initiative and cooperation

d. CD is continuous educational process



3. Democratic

a. People/community have maximum freedomand self determination

b. Concern with participation at any level of

communityc. Not in coercion both from inside or outside

d. Dynamic and imaginative leadership

e. Develop effective democratic both atnational, regional and local government



4. Voluntary

a. Trained personnel to do technical

assistance

b. Voluntary leadership andcooperation

c. Trained personnel do not dictate,drive, manage, or impose

community

d. Salary is not a must/neccessary



5. People-center

a. Villagers can develop and have the capacity to

confront their own problems

b. People want change and they themselves can

changec. People can participate, they must be provided with

opportunities to organize themselves

d. Changes that are self-imposed have moresignificant and permanent in community life than

change were imposed from outside



D. The Nature and/or Spirit of CD

1. Human dignity

2. People participation

3. Empowerment

4. Justice



1. Human dignity

• The people is the focus. One must first beaware of his own worth as a human being.The cause and end of development isMAN/PEOPLE. (Every man have 100%

potencies, but in fact only about 30% feasible,while the other are not be used) At thecommunity there are potencies of: (i)community leaders, (ii) communityorganizations, (iii) community fund, (iv)community material, (v) communityknowledge, (vi) community technology, and

(vii) community decision making.



• Aspects of human dignity (HD), are:

- HD is a state of being: an inherent individual growth;

- HD is the ultimate goal of justice, participation, andempowerment;

- HD is the core from which the other three spiritemanates/came from;

- HD is the point behind all development;

- HD begins with a personal concepts of himself - HD is a main reason for respecting everyone for what she/he

is

- HD is the basic for protecting human right

The complete development of man,

in accordance with HD is, TO BE MORE

rather than to merely have more



2. People Participation (PP)

•

The main meaning of PP is DESIGN THE DECISION . PP is the enlightened,responsible, active and sustained involvement of people/community in the development

process from (a) problem identification to (b) planning implementation, and © monitoringand evaluation of the activities which are for all well-being of the people which ensure

equitable sharing of the benefits of development.



Aspects of PP are:

- PP is concerns to social, economic, political, and culturalissues

- PP needs mechanism/structures to operationalize the processfrom lower level (village) to highest level of government

- PP implies a process of raising critical consciousness of

people/community about their problems at national and eveninternational level

- PP applies to data generation

- PP has various forms e.g. proactive or reactive (proactivemeans don’t being responsive, while reactive means being

abused)- PP requires communication and access to information.

- PP must be seen as (a) a means, and (b) an ends

- PP indicate varying level of involvement, but allow people thefreedom not to participate

3 E t



3. Empowerment

• Empowerment is a sustained process in which people/ community

through collective action and reflection gain a deeper understanding of the root causes of their powerlessness and gain self-confidence, so thatthey can become authors of their lives and their destiny to pursuit of TOTAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.

• Aspects of Empowerment (physical, intellectual, economic, political, and

cultural)

- Realignment of economic and political institutions at the community levelthat promote an on going process of democratization

- Expectation/demand for access resources on people/community is ownterms through negotiation taking responsibility for their own

development.- Self-reliance and self-management

- Informed regularly the accountability of the use of public funds andresources allocation

- New relationship and structures will evolve wherein people in the lower

stratum can take new roles in civil affairs.



4. Justice

• Justice is demands equitable access to and distribution of

resources, services, and benefits, as well as the recoqnition of the right of people to their cultural heritage.

• Aspects of justice, are:

- Access to and equitable use of resources and social services

- Basic right-enjoyed by all

- Growth with equity

- Participation in benefits

- Relates to needs and the abilities of individuals to contribute to the

common good

- Proper use of the gifts of creation

- Particular applications are evolving according to human need.



E. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING:

How and who?



MAGNITUDEIncremental-Marginal/Comprehensive Revolutionary

DIRECTIONDecline Progress

DURATIONShorterm Longterm

LEVEL

Individual/Group/Organization/Institution/Society

IDENTITY

Spesific changes as correspond to levels, duration,direction & magnitude

FAST



• In planning (and doing) the program of

CD, let we always aware about:

a. How far the magnitude of the

program;

b. What and where is the direction c. How long the duration of the program

d. In what/where level is?

e. So that we know, what kind of identity

of the program



• Magnitude of change:

Its should be measured fromincremental marginal

comprehensive

revolutionary

• Magnitude of change:

Its should be measured fromincremental marginal

comprehensive

revolutionary

•

Direction of change:The is an axis that reflect the

progress or decline in the program



•

Duration:The program possible in short term or

long term period

• Level:

The level of the program relates to

whom is/are affected: individual group organization institution

community



•Identity:

There are differs identity

from one group/communityto others. There is no singleidentity.



POWER

RATIO

Mutual Goal Setting Mutual Goal Setting(or goal set by one side)

Deliberate on the

part of one or both

sides of the

relationship

Non deliberate onthe part of both

sides

Deliberate on the

part of one or both

sides of the

relationship

Non deliberateon the part of

both sides

0,5/0,5

PLANNED

CHANGE

INTERACTIONAL

CHANGE

TECHNOCRATIC

CHANGE

NATURAL

CHANGE

1/0INDOCTRINA-

TIONAL CHANGE

SOCIALIZATION

CHANGE

COERCIVE

CHANGE

EMULATIVE

CHANGE

PARADIGM FOR CHANGE PROCESS(Bennis et al. 1992)



The paradigm Warren G. Bennis, 1992)

The type of development, are:- Where there are planned change,

interactional, technocratic, or naturalprogram happens; the power ratio almostbalance.

- But, if the program done throughindoctrination, socialization only, coersion,or even emultion; the power ratio is

imbalance.

There are two variabels,

namely power ratio and goalsettings.



PEMBERDAYAAN

APARAT

PEMBERDAYAAN

RAKYAT

Supaya lebih

mampu &Responsip

Akomodatif

Supaya lebih

mampu &

Proaktif Aspiratif

PERAN ADVOKASI & FASILITASI

(Misal oleh UNDP, WB, Unicef, dll)

INTERAKTIFDIALOGIS



PENGEMBANGAN

MASYARAKAT

Mekanisme Pendanaan



APARAT YANG

SEMAKIN

Responsif

Akomodatif

FIELD BASED

ANALYSIS (FBA)

Hak

Kewajiban

MASYARAKAT

YANG SEMAKIN

Proaktif

Aspiratif

FIELD BASED

ANALYSIS (FBA)

Aspek

Manajerial

KUALITAS

KUANTITAS

2a

PARTISIPASI

3B

IPM

2B

PELAYANAN

3a

5

4

CRITICALOPTION

STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN

MASYARAKAT & APARAT

MODEL PERENCANAAN &

PENGENDALIAN TINGKAT DESA (DARI,

OLEH & UNTUK MASYARAKAT)

OTONOMI

DAERAH

1

CD Planning Introduction

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