CCA Lecture Slides Final
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Transcript of CCA Lecture Slides Final
Shaping America through Immigration and Immigrant laws
September 13, 2013
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3 periods in 20th century US immigration
“classic era” (1901-1930) “long hiatus” (1931-1970) “new regime” (1970-
present)
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Classic Era to Long Hiatus
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
1907-8 Gentlemen’s Agreement
1917 Immigration Act
1924 National Origins Act
1954-5 “Operation Wetback”
1965 Hart-Celler Act
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New Regime
1943 Chinese Exclusion repealed
1952 Lifted racial restrictions to immigration and
naturalization
1965 Quota system lifted
1980 Refugee Act
1986 IRCA
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Question
How did America or ethnicity look in each of these periods?
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“assimilation”
the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group. Assimilation is a majority ideology in which A+B+C=A, where A represents the majority group. Assimilation dictates conformity to the dominant group, and tends to devalue alien culture.
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“cultural pluralism”
A+B+C=A+B+C
Where differences and boundaries between cultures are maintained
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Laws affecting immigrants
Immigration laws
Naturalization laws
Alien land laws
Anti-miscegenation laws
Naturalization laws/cases
1790 Naturalization Act
1868 14th Amendment ratified
1870 15th Amendment ratified
1922 The Cable Act (42 Stat. 1021) specified “that any woman citizen who marries an alien ineligible to citizenship shall cease to be a citizen of the U.S.”
1922 Takao Ozawa vs. U.S. (260 U.S. 178)
1923 Bhagat Singh Thind vs. U.S. (261 U.S. 204)
1952 McCarran-Walter Act9
1913, 1920 California Alien Land Laws
Aliens ineligible to citizenship could not own or lease land
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Oyama vs California Fred Oyama, a US citizen,
was 6yo when father purchased land in his name, 1934
CA took land in 1944, claiming violation of CA alien land laws
1948 US Supreme Court decision returns land
Certain provisions of alien land laws violate 14th amendment
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Interracial marriage laws
1850 CA anti-miscegenation law
1933 Roldan v. Los Angeles County
1948 CA overturns anti-miscegenation laws
1967 Loving v. VA
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Visayan Welfare League. Guadalupe, CA. 1938.
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New Regime
1943 Chinese Exclusion repealed
1952 Lifted racial restrictions to immigration and
naturalization
1965 Quota system lifted
1980 Refugee Act
1986 IRCA
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How to immigrate today: aka, get a “green card”
Family sponsored
Employment-based
Immediate relatives
Diversity
Refugee/asylee
See Handout, “How to immigrate”
Table 6
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Race
…formed through “historically situated projects in which human bodies and social structures are represented and organized” (pp. 55-56).
“A racial project is simultaneously an interpretation, representation, or explanation of racial dynamics, and an effort to reorganize and redistribute resources along particular racial lines” (p. 56)
Omi & Winant, “Racial Formation”
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California agriculture
Before 1860, semi-isolated, pastoral region--ranching (cattle hide, tallow)
After 1860, extensive grain cultivation
Fruit and truck farming: corporate, capital-intensive form of agriculture (vs. small family farms) made possible by irrigation revolution
Role of “land monopolization” and “availability of large units of cheap labor”
21Nipomo, CA. 1939. By Dorothea Lange.
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Persons obtaining“legal permanent resident status”
(US Census)
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s
China 3 8 32 35,933 54,028 133,139 65,797 15,268 19,884 20,916 30,648 5,874 16,072
Japan 138 193 1,583 13,998 139,712 77,125 42,057 2,683 1,557
India 9 38 33 42 50 166 247 102 3.026 3,478 2,076 554 1,692
Philippines
391 4,099
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Race and labor management
1930, CA Dept of Industrial Relations noted growers preferred to employ: “a mixture of laborers of various races, speaking diverse languages, and not accustomed to mingling with each other. The practice [was] intended to avoid labor trouble which might result from having a homogeneous group of laborers of the same race or nationality. Laborers speaking different languages [were] not as likely to arrive at a mutual understanding which would lead to strikes.”
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Japanese immigration
1885-1924 200,000 to Hawaii 180,000 to US mainland
“Push/Pull” factors: Exclusion of Chinese laborers US labor needs (e.g., sugar-beet, link to E. coast
markets) Opening up of Japan 1853 Industrialization and militarization of Japan: farmers
taxed, experience deflation, lose land Japanese govt allows HI planters to recruit labor (1885-
94)
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Characteristics
A select group: had higher literacy rate, more money than European counterparts.
1884 Japanese Consul Takahashi Shinkichi: “It is indeed the ignominious conduct and behavior of indigent Chinese of inferior character … that brought upon the Chinese as a whole the contempt of the Westerners and resulted in the enactment of legislation to exclude them from the country.”
Characteristics, cont’d
Japan promoted more women emigrants: In 1920, 46% in HI and 34.5% on mainland
were women.
Ideal migrant/seasonal farm laborers
Movement into land ownership
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28Saruwatari with pea duster tractor
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FDR’s speech to Congress
“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941--a date which will live in world history--the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
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FDR’s speech to Congress
“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941--a date which will live in infamy--the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
WWII and Japanese American internment:
Knowledge and control through visibility
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Life magazine
December 1941
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“THE QUESTION OF JAPANESE-AMERICANS”by W. H. Anderson
Perhaps the most difficult and delicate question that confronts our powers that be is the handling--the safe and proper treatment--of our American-born Japanese, our Japanese-American citizens by the accident of birth. But who are Japanese nevertheless. A viper is nonetheless a viper wherever the egg is hatched. (LA Times, Feb. 2, 1942)
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Executive Order 9066
Feb 19, 1942, FDR signs EO 9066
Suspends civil rights of US citizens by authorizing the “evacuation” of nearly 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry
60% of internees are US born citizens (“Nisei” v. “Issei”)
WRA 1943 film,
“Japanese Relocation”
http://www.archive.org/details/
Japanese1943• Seeming transparency
of federal government• Seeming normalcy of
mass incarceration of a single ethnic group
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Title:
Henry Mitarai, age 36, successful large-scale farm operator with his
family on their ranch about six weeks before evacuation. This
family, along with other families of Japanese ancestry, will spend the duration at War Relocation
Authority centers.
Photographer: Lange, Dorothea -- Mountain View, California.
3/30/42
Contributing Institution:
The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1z09n73j/?brand=calisphere
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48Lange
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Title: Japanese American woman and child, internees
Creator/Contributor: Ishigo, Estelle, Artist
Date: between 1942 and 1945
Contributing Institution:
Dept of Special Collections/UCLA Library, A1713 Charles E. Young
Research Library, 405 Hilgard Ave, Box 951575, Los Angeles, CA 90095-
1575;
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Title: Send Off Husband at Jerome Camp
Creator/Contributor: Sugimoto, Henry
Date: 1943
Format:
painting oil on canvas Denson, Ark.
Inscription:
Signed in medium, bottom left corner: H. Sugimoto, 1943. Written on back: Documentary/"Send Off
Husband" at Jerome Camp/by Henry Sugimoto/1942
Collection:
Henry Sugimoto Collection A Life Transformed 1941-1945
Contributing Institution:
Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.)
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Sources for photographs, images
http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/jarda/
http://www.pacificcitizen.org/site/NEWS/tabid/54/selectedmoduleid/373/ArticleID/175/Default.aspx?title=Seeing_Japanese_American_History_Through_Toyo%27s_Lens
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/anseladams/index.html
http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf596nb4h0;query=;style=oac4
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