CAUSES OF INFERTILITY

Dept. of Life Science and bioinformatics Assam

University, Silchar

Debanjan Saha

Class-M.Sc. 3rd semRollno.-23Submitted to,

Dr. Shubhodeep Roy Choudhury

INTRODUCTION Infertility is referred to

couple that has failed to conceive after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without the use of any contraception.

Infertility can be due to the woman or man or both.

STUDIES REVEAL

1/3 rd of infertility is due to male partners. 1/3 rd of infertility is due to female partners. Remaining part is unknown and called as

idiopathic infertility.

InfertilityMale FemaleIdiopathic

CLASSIFICATION PRIMARY INFERTILITY: The couple is never being

able to conceive. SECONDARY INFERTILITY: The couple is being

able to conceive but the pregnancy is not taken to full terns or had miscarriage.

GENERAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITYFactors affecting fertility of both the

sexes: Environmental factors such as pesticides. Toxic effects related to tobacco, smoking,alcohol

drinking or other drugs. Excessive exercise. Inadequate diet. Advanced age.

MAIN CAUSES OF FEMALE(♀) INFERTILITY1) DEFECTIVE OVULATION.

2) DEFECTIVE TRANSPORT.

3) DEFECTIVE IMPLANTATION.

DEFECTIVE OVULATION OCCURS DUE TO

a) Endocrine disorders.

b) Physical disorders.

Contd......

Contd.........c) Ovarian disorders. e.g.: Poly Cystic ovarian disease

Contd.........

d) Endometriosis

2) Defective Transport

a) Ovum: Occurrence due to Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases

b) Scar tissue after abdominal surgery

3) Defective implantation

Occur due Uterine Fibroids near the fallopian tube or cervix

MALE INFERTILITY CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO 2 MAIN TYPES:

Quantity problem: No sperm (azoospermia) and Poor sperm quantity (oligospermia) Quality problem: Poor sperm quality :low motility

(asthenozoospermia) A high percentage of abnormal sperm

(teratozoospermia).

MAIN CAUSES OF MALE(♂) INFERTILITY1) Impaired production or formation

of sperm2) Impaired delivery of sperm3) Congenital factors4) Acquired factors

1) IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OR FORMATION OF SPERM

1) Impaired shape and movement of sperm2) Low sperm concentration3) Testosterone deficiency4) Varicocele testicle

2) Impaired delivery of sperm

a) Sexual issues such as erectile dysfunction, painful intercourse

b) Retrograde ejaculationc) Blockage of epididymis or ejaculatory ductd) Cystic fibrosis

Fig: Retrograde ejaculation

3) Congenital factors

a)Anorchiab)Congenital absence of vas deferensc)Genetic abnormalities ( Klinefelter

Syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions )

4) Acquired factors

a) Testis traumab) Testicular torsionc) Exogenous factors ( medications, cytotoxic drugs,

irradiation, heat etc.)d) Systematic diseases ( liver cirrhosis)e) Surgeries that can damage vascularisation the testis.

e) Post inflammatory forms (orchitis, epididymitis)

f) Recurrent urogenital infectionsg) Obstruction, sub-obstruction of proximal or distal urogenital tract

Contd……….

C0NCLUSIONS Infertility is multifactorial. Anatomy, physiology, environment, hormones,

and genetic all play a role in causing infertility in both male and female

It is therefore a very critical issue in upcoming years and research in this zone is very necessary.

REFERENCES1. Ankur Desai, Abhay R. Shirode , Mittal Bhanushali, VilosRao J.

Kadam. Assisted reproductive technology ( ART) : combating infertility. Vol. 4, Issued-1, 2011.

2. Albert Ferlin, Barbara Arredi , Carlo Foresta, genetic cause of male infertility. Reproductive toxiocology 22(2006) 133-141.

3. D M de Kretser, male infertility, Lancet 1997, 349: 787-90.4. Katherine L. O’Flynn O’Brien, Alex C. Vorghase, Ashok Agarwal,

Volume 93, Issue 1, ! January 2010, Pages 1-12.5. Kathrien Stouffs, Herman Tournaye , Inge iebaers, Willy Lissens.

Male infertility and the involvement of the X- chromosome. Vol.15, No.6 pp. 623-637,2009.

6. Ferjaoumi Mohamed Aimen , Francios Monneins, Gharrad Majed, Belaida Amine . A rare cause of infertility: a late complication of female genital mutilation. Volume 5, Issue 3, May 2016, Pages 266-268.