Anekant Education society’s

TULJARAM CHATURCHAND COLLEGE

DEPT. OF ZOOLOGY :- ORGANISED THE SEMINAR s

Mammalian reproductive Physiology

TOPIC OF PRESENTATION:-infertility :- it causes and treatment.

Representation by –Mr.Sachin londhe Roll no:- 13953

introduction• Infertility:- is the inability to produce

offspring .To carry pregnancy .To conceive child by natural process.Immature reproductive system (R .S)Defective R.S.Endocrine disorder .

Infertility type• Primary infertility

–a couple that has never conceived.• Secondary infertility–infertility that occurs after previous

pregnancy regardless of outcome.–now is unable to conceive.

Common causes for infertility• male

– Drugs– Tobacco– Health problems– Radiation/

Chemotherapy– Age– Over exersise – Enviromental factors

• Pesticides• Lead

• Female– Age – Stress– Poor diet– Athletic training– Over/underweight– Tobacco– Health problems– Enviromental factors

• Pesticides• Lead

alcoholic drinkGenetic disorders.

In female

1.Abnormalities of ovary2.Abnormalities of uterus 3.Absence of ovulation

Other disorders.

1. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

2. Ovarian dysfunction3. Hypothalamic disorder 4. Disorder of pituitary gland

5.Local factors in the uterus and cervix- may interfere with implantation and

woman’s ability to carry pregnancy to term6.Luteal phase defect

- results in low production of progesterone- may lead to early miscarriage

7.Production of anti-sperm antibodies- can interfere with fertilization- Shows spermicidal activity

Causes male infertility

1. Abnormal sperm:-2. Decreased sperm count 3. Obstruction of reproductive system Other causes :-4. Cryptorchidism 5. Trauma 6. Mumps 7. Alcoholism and drugs consumption 8. Hypothalamic and pituitary disorder .

Treatment of the Infertile

Couple

Inadequate Spermatogenesis

• Eliminate alterations of thermoregulation• Clomiphene citrate is occasionally used

for induction of spermatogenesis– 20% success

• In vitro fertilization may facilitate fertilization

• Artificial insemination with donor sperm is often successful

Anovulation

• Restore ovulation– Administer ovulation inducing agents

• Clomiphene citrate– Antiestrogen– Combines and blocks estrogen receptors at the

hypothalamus and pituitary causing a negative feedback

– Increases FSH production • stimulates the ovary to make follicles

Treatment Possibilities:Female Infertility

Ovulation disorders Ovulation-inducing drugs

Hyperprolactinemia Prolactin-suppressing drugs

Uterine and tubal abnormalities Surgical procedures

Cervical mucus problems Intrauterine insemination

Endometriosis Suppressing hormones or surgical procedure

Treatment of Female Infertility:Ovulation Induction Agents

induces release of gonadotropins

Gonadotropins

Clomiphene citrate

Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs

similar in structure to natural GnRH, provoke a massive release of GnRH into the circulation

human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), which contains equal quantities of FSH and LH

Bromocriptine suppresses production of prolactin

Treatment of Female Infertility:Intrauterine Insemination

A fertility procedure in which sperm are washed, concentrated and injected directly into a woman’s uterus.

Increases the number of sperm in the fallopian tubes

It fail when tubal blockage, poor egg quality, ovarian failure and severe male factor infertility

Treatment of Female Infertility:Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Noncoital methods of conception Includes all fertility treatments in which both eggs

and sperm are manipulated Types of ART include:

- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)- Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)- Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

ART: In Vitro Fertilization

Involves retrieving eggs and sperm from female and male partners and placing them in a lab dish to enhance fertilization

Fertilized eggs are transferred several days later into the uterus

Ovarian stimulation drugs are used prior to procedure in order to retrieve several eggs and maximize chances for successful fertilization

Success rates are about 20% per egg retrieval

Basic Steps in IVF

•Ovary stimulation•Egg retrieval •Sperm retrieval-wash sperm•Fertilization•Embryo transfer•Progesterone

ART: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

GIFT is a procedure that involves:- ovarian stimulation- retrieval of eggs- placing a mixture of sperm and eggs directly into the

woman’s fallopian tube GIFT does not allow visual confirmation of

fertilization Success rates per egg retrieval are about 28%

(higher than for IVF)

ART: Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

ZIFT, also called tubal embryo transfer, is another variation of IVF

As with IVF, the actual fertilization takes place in a lab dish

Fertilized eggs are placed directly into a fallopian tube

Success rate is about 29% per egg retrieval

Risks of ART?

• To woman–Overstimulation of ovary syndrome–Multiple pregnancies–Risk of ovarian cancer (clomid,

pergonal)• To baby -ICSI associated with problems (XYY)

Treatment Possibilities: Male Infertility

Surgical treatment in some cases (varicocele) Intrauterine insemination can be performed either

with patient’s or donor’s sperm ART procedures:

- GIFT- IVF- ICSI

Donor semen should be free from STDs/HIV

ART: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Involves injection of single sperm into the egg The woman is administered fertility drugs prior to

the procedure to aid in the production of multiple eggs

Only active undamaged sperm are selected for injections

ART: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)(Continued)

Eggs are observed to see if fertilization takes place- average fertilization rate is 65%

Implantation into the uterus takes place within 72 hours after ICSI

Success rates range from 15% to 35% per egg retrieval

ICSI

Refrencess

• Medical physiology dr. N V Mishra

https://avirupguha.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/infertility1.html

http://www.hfea.gov.uk/infertility.html

Questions?

THANK YOU SO MUCH.