Cassava as Feed in Asia: A look at decentralized smallholder livestock production

using starch processing residues in Viet Nam

Keith Fahrney (CIAT) and Nguyen Thi Thinh (NIAS & CIP)

“ A Cassava–Based Feed System in Africa: Roadmap to a commercial reality ”

28-30 October 2013

Contents

1.  Overview of Cassava in Asia 2.  Using Cassava to Feed Livestock in Asia:

production models

3.  Decentralized Starch Processing and Smallholder Livestock Production in Viet Nam

Cassava Area and Production in Asia

• Asia (mainly SE Asia): 20% of area and 30% of production • More than 90% of internationally traded cassava is from SE Asia • Approx. 80% of imports of cassava products by China

Cassava Area and Production in Asia

2011 Area of Cassava (13 million ha)

Africa

Americas

Asia

Oceania

2011 Production of Cassava (252 million tons)

Africa

Americas

Asia

Oceania

20% 30%

Source: FAOSTAT

Global Production of Cassava

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Area (million ha)

Latin America

Asia

Africa

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Yield (t/ha)

World

Africa

Asia

0

50

100

150

200

250

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Production (million tons) Latin America

Asia

Africa

Human Consumption of Cassava

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

DR

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Moz

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Gha

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Libe

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CA

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To

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Gab

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Tim

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ao T

ome/

Pri

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Nam

Consumption (kg/capita/yr) - 2007

In Asia: Cassava is less important as a food, more for processing (into food, feed, fuel, and many other things). Cash for food security and livelihoods.

Global Trade in Cassava

Export of Cassava •  > 10% of World

production is exported •  90% from Thailand

and Viet Nam •  Trade is growing fast

Import of Cassava •  > 60% of Imports to

China -- and growing •  Demand from China

is expected to double in the next 5-10 years

-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

2007 2009

Rest Viet Nam Thailand

-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

2007 2009

Rest China

Millions of tonnes, Fresh weight equivalent

Global Trade in Cassava Products (2009)

2009 Exports •  8 million tons of chips •  4 million tons of starch & flour •  ~ 39 million tons of fresh root equivalent •  67 % from Thailand (90 % of starch, ~ 50 % of chips)

26 % from Viet Nam (44 % of chips)  2009 Imports •  68 % to China (> 85 % of chips, 40 % of starch) •  32 % to other places (60 % of starch)

Cassava Production in Asia: Who & How ?

•  Currently: ~ 4 million ha producing ~75 million tons •  Dominated by smallholders •  Estimated 8 million farm households, average 0.5

ha/farm Indonesia: ~ 3 million HH 0.4 ha/farm Viet Nam: ~ 2 million HH < 0.3 ha/farm China : ~ 1.5 million HH < 0.3 ha/farm Thailand: < 0.5 million HH 2.5 ha/farm

•  Some larger estates/companies •  50+ % using modern “industrial” varieties

80% in GMS, much of the area is under one variety

Cassava in Viet Nam

2000 to 2010 •  Area:

237,600 to 560,400 ha •  Yield:

8.36 t/ha to 16.90 t/ ha •  Production:

1.99 to 9.45 million t •  Currently: 70% exported; 30%

used domestically •  Processing capacity:

2.4-3.8 million tons of roots/year •  6 ethanol factories soon:

550 million L/year Will require: ≈ 34% of production

≈ 50% of exports

2009  produc+on  in  agroecological  zones  in  Vietnam      

Each  dot  represents    1000  ha  

Scale of Cassava Processors in Vietnam (1)

Large-scale Cassava Dry Starch Processors

§  ~ 100-500 tons of fresh roots/day §  40-42 % starch conversion

Huge-scale Cassava Ethanol (biofuel) Processors (3) §  100,000,000 litres/yr

§  From 250,000 tons of dried chips/year

Scale of Cassava Processors in Vietnam (2)

Small-scale Cassava Wet Starch Processors §  1-10 tons of fresh roots/day §  Cassava = 38-40% starch §  For locally processed food products and

pre-processing for industrial uses

Medium-scale Cassava Wet and Dry Starch Processors §  ~ 10-100 tons of fresh roots/day §  Cassava = 38-40% starch conversion

Small-scale starch extraction machinery

Wet Starch – Refined for Food Production and Pre-processing for Industrial Uses

•  Wet starch trading clusters in northern, central, and southern Viet Nam provide market for small-scale rural starch extraction enterprises

•  Buy, refine, sell as wet starch for processing or sun-dried starch

•  Products: noodles, “cakes”, maltose for sweets, pharmaceuticals, cardboard, starch derivatives (MSG, invert sugars, etc.)

Value addition: Wet Starch Derivatives

•  Small-scale production of maltose to produce sweets

•  Large-scale production of invert sugars, pharmaceuticals

Production Models for Feeding Cassava to Livestock in Asia

1. Commercial Livestock Production based on Feeding Concentrates Produced by Large-Scale Feed Mills •  Large-scale livestock production enterprises •  Small- and medium-scale franchise or contract

enterprises (CP model for pig and poultry production)

2. On-farm feeding by smallholders with fresh or dried cassava roots, cassava leaves, and crop residues

3. On-farm feeding by smallholders linked to starch processing enterprises, using processing by-products

On-Farm Processing of Fish Feed

Production Models for Feeding Cassava to Livestock in Asia

1. Commercial Livestock Production based on Feeding Concentrates Produced by Large-Scale Feed Mills •  Large-scale livestock production enterprises •  Small- and medium-scale franchise or contract

enterprises (CP model for pig and poultry production)

2. On-farm feeding by smallholders with fresh or dried cassava roots, cassava leaves, and crop residues

3. On-farm feeding by smallholders linked to starch processing enterprises, using processing by-products

An under-utilized resource

•  Residues remaining from extraction of cassava starch still contain economically significant amounts of starch and other feed components that can be fed to livestock

•  Residues are often wasted -- either disposed untreated, causing environmental pollution problems, or under-utilized – sold as poor quality soil amendments

IFAD-funded Large Regional Grant (# 1031):

“Programme for Linking Livelihoods of Poor Smallholder Farmers to Emerging Environmentally Progressive Agro-Industrial Markets”

Objective: To improve livelihoods of resource-poor upland smallholder

farmers through integrated crop/livestock systems and sustainable production and utilisation of food, feed, fibre, and energy crops, with facilitative market linkages to agro-industrial processors. •  Implemented by CIAT and CIP (Jan 2009 – Mar 2013) •  Research-for-development sites in Cambodia, Laos, and Viet Nam •  In Viet Nam: Root Crops Research and Development Centre (VAAS)

and CIP-Liaison for Viet Nam (Ms. Nguyen Thi Tinh), retired from National Institute of Animal Sciences (NIAS)

Interdependent Win-Win relationships

•  The use of cassava starch processing residues and leaves as livestock feed benefits both cassava growers and root/tuber and livestock producers.

•  Cassava starch processors benefit from sales of secondary products (20-30% profit increase).

•  Livestock producers benefit from access to low-cost animal feed, increasing productivity (faster growth, increased off-take) and profitability.

•  Cassava crop producers who feed livestock benefit from increased access to more concentrated organic fertilizer (manure) to improve productivity and sustainability.

•  Livestock producers benefit from access to household energy (biogas).

Rural Households,

Farmer Groups

Cassava Production

Livestock Production

Small-scale Processing (wet starch)

roots leaves

processing residues

Lowland Rice & Food/Feed Crops

manure

manure

biogas

Upland Forages, Food/Feed Crops (intercropped, strips, rotations)

Eco-Efficiencies of Integrated Production, Processing &

Livestock Feeding

Improving Sustainable Productivity of Cassava in Northern Viet Nam

•  Worked with scientists from the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RCRDC and NOMAFSI) and farmers to implement on-farm demonstration trials to test improved cassava varieties and agronomic practices (fertilizer rates, densities, on soil erosion control (intercropping & forage grass strips).

•  20-60% increase in cassava starch yield from 2 new varieties and improved management. Root supplies to small-scale wet starch processor increased from shortage to surplus.

•  Processor funded multiplication and scale-out of planting materials to farmers

Livestock Feeding with Cassava Starch Processing Residues

•  Livestock feeding farmer field schools

were organized by CIP-NIAS (followed by farmer-to-farmer trainings).

•  Pig and buffalo feeding trials using cassava fibre and crop residues were designed using Life-Sim Model (CIP/ILRI).

•  There were no differences in pig growth using 50-75% ensiled cassava starch residues compared to using 100% commercial pellets.

•  Feeding 50-75% ensiled cassava starch residues combined with crop residues was profitable for smallholder pig production. Fattening time decreased to 3 months (compared to 6-8 months with traditional feed and growth rates more than doubled.

•  The small-scale cassava processor (1,000 tons of fresh roots/year) produces enough residue to feed 2,300 pigs/year (at 50% of total feed).

Additional Benefits from Increasing Smallholder Livestock Production

•  Households who had increased their pig production through improved feeding practices were trained in construction of demonstration biogas digesters.

•  Farmers are using the increased manure to fertilize vegetables and low-land rice.

Linking Smallholder Livestock Producers with Large-Scale Processors in Central Viet Nam

•  One waste management company contracts with ~ 30 large-scale cassava starch factories throughout Viet Nam to buy residues to sell as livestock feed to farmers locally and to distant feed mills

•  Trained farmers and factory agents in improved livestock feeding using starch residues

•  Pig and cattle feeding trials confirmed more profitable livestock production using starch residues and crop residues (including non-marketable sweetpotatoes and vines)

Conclusions

•  Decentralized small-scale starch extraction provides a market for surplus cassava root production.

•  Farmers call sell fresh roots and buy back processing residues to feed livestock.

•  Starch residues provide a low-cost feed resource that makes small-scale livestock feeding competitive with commercial production.

•  Livestock feeding with residues mitigates waste problems, increases profits of small-scale processors and improves sustainability of cassava production.

•  RTB post-harvest research project (2013-15) will improve recommendations for optimizing feed ration formulations.