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EVALUATION OF URBAN

VULNERABILITIES FOR A DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION STRATEGY FOR CITIES IN

MENA REGION:

CASE STUDY OF ALGIERS (ALGERIA)

Djillali Benouar

Built Environment Research Laboratory (LBE)

USTHB, Algeria

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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

MAIN POLLUTING INDUSTRY ACTIVITY IS

LOCATED IN THE INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF

GUE DE CONSTANTINE (8 KM OF CITY

CENTER), EL-HARRACH (11), OUED

SMAR (15) AND ROUIBA (27)

ALGIERS MOST IMPORTANT ZONE

IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIAL

ACTIVITY. IT COUNTS MORE THAN

735 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.

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CAUSE OF HYDRIC, ATMOSPHERIC AND

SOIL POLLUTION AND PRODUCES

DANGEROUS AND TOXIC WASTES

WHICH EXPOSES ALGIERS TO

DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF

MANAGEMENT

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

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ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

MAIN SOURCES:

* ROAD TRAFFIC VERY HIGH

* POLLUTING WASTES FROM INDUSTRIES

•COMBUSTION OF WASTES IN RUBBISH DAMP IN OUED

SMAR

•ALGIERS COUNTS 560 000 VEHICULES IN ALL

CATEGORIES WITH A ROAD TRAFFIC OF 1500 TO 2000

VEH./HOUR WHICH GIVE OUT MORE THAN 180 TONS OF

LEAD/YEAR IN THE STREETS OF ALGIERS

•RAIS HAMIDOU CEMENT FACTORY WITHIN THE CITY

PRODUCES 750 000 T/CEMENT/YEAR GIVES OUT ABOUT

30T OF DUST/DAY

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OTHER INDUSTRIES ARE:

* OIL REFINERIES

* DOMESTIC OIL INDUSTRY

* PAINTING INDUSTRY

* TOBACCO INDUSTRY

* CAR BATTERY INDUSTRY

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

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PUBLIC RUBBISH DUMP IN OUED SMAR

COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF

REFUSES AND WASTES CAUSES EMANATION

OF VARIOUS TYPES OF GAS (CH4, NH7, CO2).

IN ALGIERS:

HOUSEHOLDS: 700 000 TONS/YEAR

INDUSTRIAL WASTES: 900 000 TONS/YEAR

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

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HYDRIC POLLUTION

•SHALLOW WATERS

•POLLUTION OF SHALLOW WATERS CAUSED

MAINLY BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS,

TOTAL QUANTITY ESTIMATED AT 60 000

M3/DAY THROWN IN OUED EL-HARRACH

•DEEP WATERS: POLLUTED MAINLY BY

HYDROCARBONS AND PESTICIDS

•MARINE POLLUTION

MOST WASTE WATER FROM HOUSEHOLDS

AND INDUSTRY IS POURED IN THE SEA

WITHOUT ANY TREATMENT

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SOIL POLLUTION

SOIL POLLUTION COMES FROM

FROM MASSIVE USE OF CHEMICAL

FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDS AND

SOLID WASTES, SEWAGE, ETC

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DEFORESTATION

•FORESTS ARE LOST BY:

•ANARCHISTIC URBANISATION

•FOREST FIRES

•ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION (Cement

Plant, Road Trafic, etc.)

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FLOODS

ANARCHISTIC AND RAPID

URBANISATION IS A MAJOR FACTOR

IN THE INCREASE OF FLOODS.

INAPPROPRIATE HOUSING ON RIVER

BANKS OR NEAR DELTA IS A MAJOR

CONCERN.

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FLASH FLOODS

FLASH FLOODS IS A GROWING

CONCERN DUE TO CONCRETE

WHICH ABSORBS LITTLE WATER,

THE DECLINE OF OPEN SPACES,

ENGINEERING WORKS THAT

DIVERT RIVER FLOWS AND WEAK

CITY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

(NEGLECT, LACK OF

MAINTENANCE).

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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW

OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001

•CAUSED 712 HUMAN LIVES LOST, 350

INJURED, 116 MISSING, 1800 HOUSING

UNITS SUFFERED DAMAGE, 56

SCHOOLS, SCORES OF BRIDGES,

ROADS, PUBLIC WORKS WERE

DAMAGED.

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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW

OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001

• 1 000 000 M3 (UP TO 10 M THICK) OF MUD IN THE STREETS OF BAB EL OUED, MORE THAN 350 VEHICULES (CARS, TRUCKS AND BUSES) WITH PASSENGERS BURIED UNDER MUD.

• PRELIMINARY COST

U.S.$ 250 000 000.

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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW

OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001

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Algiers floods on 10 November 2001

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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW

OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001

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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW

OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001

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LANDSLIDES

• ROCKS AND SOIL SLIDING RAPIDLY DOWNHILL. MUDFLOWS AND ROCKFALLS TRIGGERED BY EARTHQUAKES, STORMS, WATER LOGGED SOIL AND HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS.

• GROWING AMOUNTS OF BADLY BUILT HOUSING ON/BELOW STEEP SLOPES, ON CLIFFS, OR AT RIVER MOUTHS OF MOUNTAIN VALLEY.

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LANDSLIDES

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LANDSLIDES

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EARTHQUAKES

ALGIERS, DENSELY BUILT, DENSELY

POPULATED CITY LOCATED ON SEISMIC ZONE.

HIGH SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ENVIRONMENT.

THE CITY SUFFERED SEVERAL DAMAGING

EARTHQUAKES IN THE PAST.

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-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1220

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Fig 16:Iso-acceleration map of the Maghreb region for a lifetime of 50 years with an exceedingprobability of 10 % using Ambraseys (1995) horizontal PGA attenuation law

PGA (g)

EARTHQUAKE ZONATION MAP

Benouar et al. (1996)

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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003

Ms 6.8

2278 dead

11450 injured

1241? missing

182 000 homeless

19 000 houses destroyed

5 B.USD direct losses

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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003

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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003

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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003

Ground Floor (Commerce)

+ 10 Floors (Appartments)

100 appartment building in

5 staircases (2 app/floor)

780 deaths and 80 missing

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Traditional Knowledge

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Some structural and non structural preventive

measures taken by the Algerian Government since 1981

•ALGERIAN SEISMIC BUILDING CODE STARTEDIN 1981

• EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING COURSES ANDRESEARCH STARTED IN 1982

•URBAN PLANNING REGULATIONS BY LAW

•LAW 04/20 FOR PREVENTION AND DISASTERRISK MANAGEMENT ADOPTED IN 1984

•COMPULSORY NATURAL RISKS INSURANCESINCE 1984

•EARTHQUAKE DISASTER SCENARIO FORALGIERS, 2006

•ETC

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CONCLUSIONS

DECISION-MAKERS NEED ADEQUATE

INTEGRATED INFORMATION ON THE

LIKELY (PROBABILITIES) INTENSITY OF

THE DISASTER THE CITY WILL FACE IF

THEY ARE TO REDUCE DISASTER

VULNERABILITY.

THIS RESEARCH SHOWS THE NEED OF

AN INTEGRATED AND COORDINATED

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN

MEGACITIES.

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TO PROVIDE FUNDAMENTAL MEANS WHICH SHOULD GUIDE OFFICIALS AT THE LOCAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS IN THE FORMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN DISASTER PRONE-REGIONS, LAND USE MANAGEMENT, CITY PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT OR REVISION OF BUILDING REGULATIONS, MATERIALS NORMS, SITING NEW CRITICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS AS WELL AS DECISION-MAKING POLICIES TO STIMULATE AND FACILITATE THE EFFORTS OF THE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND RESPONSE COMMUNITIES TO TAKE SPECIFIC PRACTICAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS.

AN INTEGRATED DISASTER RESEARCH AND

COORDINATING MANAGEMENT AGENCY IN THE

ALGERIAN GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

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RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT IN ALGIERS

INTEGRATED HAZARD MAPPING: NATURAL HAZARD (GROUND, SURFACE, HYDRO/ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS), CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOACTIVE, EXPLOSIVE, COMBUSTIBLE ACCUMULATIONS.

INFORMATION OF RELATED PAST DISASTERS

• URBAN VULNERABILITIES ANALYSES OF ALL ELEMENTS AT RISK

CONTINGENCY PLANNING

UPDATING URBAN DEV. PLAN

• ACTION PLAN AREAS (LAND USE CHANGES, TEMP-PARTIAL REMOVALS/VACATING, LOWERING DENSITIES, BLDG RETROFIT/DEMOLOTION, CONTINUITY IN OPEN AREAS, IMPROVING ROAD SYSTEM, PARKING, EMERGENCY SCENARIOS (FOR SYSTEMS/ BUILDINGS/ POPULATION)

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MANY THANKS