Carlos Gussenhoven Radboud University Nijmegen
description
Transcript of Carlos Gussenhoven Radboud University Nijmegen
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Word Accents and Tones in Sentence Perspective
A symposium in conjunction with the 60th birthday of
Professor Gösta BruceCarlos Gussenhoven
Radboud University Nijmegen
Lund UniversityJanuary 10, 2007
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Outline
Phonological sketch Prosodic syllable types A corpus à la Bruce 1977 Positional allophony ‘Tone sandhi’ Prosodic expression of focus
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Segments and syllables
p’ p b t’ t k’ k ʔ i uts’ ts tʃ’ tʃ e os ʃ h a
m n w l j
CV(V)(C) V ‘Short’ VV ‘Long’
Glottalized ~ Plain: VV ~ V’V
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Words
l kaj ‘fish’h kaan ‘snake’h h mu.kuj ‘turtle dove’l h su.ku’un ‘older brother’h l tsíi.min ‘horse’(h h síi.na’an ‘scorpion’)h lh júu.ka.taan ‘Yucatan’h l h l káas.ta.jaa.noh ‘Spanish’
C]
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Word prosody
Short ʔek ‘wasp’ Long High ʔáak ‘turtle’ Long Lowkoot ‘wall’ Glottalized ku’uk ‘squirrel’
‘High tone is a fall finally and a high in penultimate position’
(Blair & Vermont-Salas)
‘There is no tone really’ (Archibald)
F0 contours (Fischer)
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Word prosody - stress
- h is stressed (tsíi.min, su.ku’un) - word-initial l is stressed (kaj, mu.kuj)- stressed syllables are tone bearers- function words have no stress (kin
‘1SG’)
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Glottal closures
ʔe’el ‘egg’k’i’ik’ ‘blood’ts’u’uts’ ‘kiss’p’áaʔ ‘open slightly’ʔiʔ ‘hawk’
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Glottalized
CVCVC: vowels tends to be the same *CVʔVC
1. Morphological process treat CV(V)(C) as monosyllabic: root imperfective
ʔah - ʔa.hal ‘wake up’ ʔéem - ʔée.mel ‘descend’ he’el - he’e.lel ‘rest’ (Bricker
344) 2. CVʔV would be tonally restricted to H-toned,
CVCV to L-toned. No other ʔ has this restriction. (But ?* CVVʔV)
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Research questions
How are the four ‘tones’ pronounced? What is their phonology? How does sentence phonology affect the
pronunciation of the tones? ‘Tone sandhi’ Information structure
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Four male speakers in the Bay Area, aged 24-45From Santa Elena, Uxbal, OxkutzkabScripted speech(Thanks to Lisa Bennet)
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SANTA ELENA ▲OXKUZKAB
▲
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kaj ‘fish’ us ‘gnat’k’áan, páay ‘hammock’ míis ‘broom’kaan ‘snake’ miis ‘cat’ka’an ‘sky’ me’ex ‘beard’
sak ‘white’jáax ‘first’boox ‘dark, dirty’ja’ax ‘green’
wilik ‘see’tsíi’tik ‘write’meentik ‘manufacture, do’cha’antk ‘look at’
A corpus
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A corpus
Adjective: Adj Noun 32
Basic VP: Kin Verb Noun 32
Penultimate: Kin Verb le Noun-oʔ 32
Initial Noun kin Verb 32
New Ma kin Verb X, kin Verb Y 32
Old Ma kin Verb X, kin Verb X 32
192
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15
Ya’ax míis.
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16
Kin meentik le kàano’.
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17
Má kin dzíi’tik tsuutsuy, kin dzíi’tik kay.
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18
Má kin wu'uyik us, kin wilik us.
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Positional variation
Final vs Initial Final vs Penultimate
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Kay - final vs initial
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Paay
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Kaan - Final vs Initial
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Ka'an - Final vs Initial
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
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Us - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Míis - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Mìis - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Me'ex - Final vs Initial (Oscar)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
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Kay - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
K'aan - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Kaan - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Ka'an - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
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Us - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Míis - Final vs Initial (William)
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160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Miis - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
Me'ex - Final vs Initial (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time
Hz Final
Initial
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Kay - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
K'áan - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Kàan - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Ka'an - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
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Us - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Mìis - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Me'ex - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
Míis - Final vs Initial (Santos)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Final
Initial
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Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kay - kayo') - Oscar
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Kay
Kayo'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kàan - kàano') - Oscar
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Kàan
kàano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (ka'an - ka'ano') - Oscar
0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz ka'an
ka'ano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (paay - paayo') - Oscar
0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Paay
Paayo'
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Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (us-uso') - Oscar
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz us
uso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (míis-míiso') - Oscar
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Míis
Míiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (mìis-mìiso') - Oscar
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Mìis
Mìiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (me'ex-me'exo') - Oscar
020406080
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Me'ex
Me'exo'
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Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kay - kayo') - Daniel
0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz kay
kayo'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (k'áan - k'áano') - Daniel
020406080
100120140
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz k'áan
k'áano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (kàan - kàano') - Daniel
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz kàan
kàano'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (ka'an - ka'ano') - Daniel
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz ka'an
ka'ano'
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Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (us - uso') - Daniel
0
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz us
uso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (míis - míiso') - Daniel
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz míis
míiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (mìis - mìiso') - Daniel
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz mìis
mìiso'
Monosyllabic vs bisyllabic (me'ex - me'exo') - Daniel
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz me'ex
me'exo'
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Allophonic variation for Long High and Glottalized
Final Low Fall Low Fall
Medial Low High Low Fall, glottalized
Initial Low Rise Low Fall
Short Long High Long Low Glottalized
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Split TBUsLexical H
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
H H
kay paay kaan ka’an
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Split TBUsLexical H
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
L H L H
kay paay kaan ka’an
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Final occurrence
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
L L% H L% L L% H L%
kay paay kaan ka’an
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Initial occurrence
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
%L L %L H %L L %L H L
kay paay kaan ka’an
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Medial occurrence
σ σ σ σ
μ μμ μμ μ μ
L H L H L
kay paay kaan ka’an
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Gussenhoven 1983, 1991
John will know betterH*L H*L L%
That’ll be John thereH*L H*L L%
That’ll be John H*L H*L L%
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ToBI as an allophonic transcription John will know better L*+H L+H* L-L%
That’ll be John there L*+H H* L-L%
That’ll be John L*+H H* L-L%
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ToBI as an allophonic transcription John will know better L+H* L+H* L-L%
That’ll be John there L+H* H* L-L%
That’ll be John L+H* H* L-L%
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k3 in ch aan t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.64032
Time (s)0 1.64032
-100
200
k3 in ch aan t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.64032
Time (s)0 1.64032
-100
200
k3in ts' ii t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.59016
Time (s)0 2.59016
-100
200
Time (s)0 2.3905
-100
200
k3in ch aan t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.3905
Time (s)0 2.11213
-100
200
k3in ts' ii t i k2k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.11213
k3in ts' ii t i k2k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 2.11213
Time (s)0 2.11213
-100
200
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Time (s)
0 1.08322-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.08321
Time (s)0 1.08322
-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.08321
Time (s)0 1.13395
-50
250
k3 in ch aan t i k2 k1 ay
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.13395
Time (s)0 1.24875
-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.24876
Time (s)0 1.24875
-50
250
k3 in ts' ii t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.24876
Time (s)0 1.38959
-50
250
k3 in ch aan t i k2 m ii s
3 2 1
Time (s)0 1.38961
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Tone Sandhi
Downtrend may be sensitive to preceding or following tone
This may depend on phrase-type It may apply to H or L or both There may be anticipatory effects
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Effect of preceding word (K-words - Oscar)
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Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on K-word - William
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on K-word - Santos
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on K-word - Daniel
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
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Effect of preceding word on M-word (Oscar)
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Effect of preceding word on M-word - William
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Neutral
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Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on M-word - Santos
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Time (100%)
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Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
Effect of preceding word on M-word - Daniel
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1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalized
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Trigger: Pool across H-tones, across L-tones
Target: Separate on the basis of L-tone, H-tone
Are L-toned nouns and H-tones nouns equall affected?
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Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (Oscar)
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Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (Oscar)
020406080
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (William)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
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Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (Santos)
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Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (Santos)
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150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz
Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on L-toned K-words (Daniel)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
Effect of preceding tone on H-toned K-words (Daniel)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Low
High
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No anticipatory effect in Noun kin Verb
Effect of following verb on M-words (Daniel)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
Effect of following verb on M-word (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
Effect of following verb on M-word (Santos)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
Effect of following verb on M-word (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Neutral
High
Low
Glottalised
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YUCATEC MAYA DOWNSTEP
T → !T / {.... H --- .... }
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Expressing information structure
Types of focus informational focus Answer to WH-question corrective focus Not X, but Y
(contrastive focus) re-activating focus As for X
Size of focus constituent What happened? [Mary lost her VISA credit card] What did Mary lose? Mary lost [her VISA credit card] What credit card did Mary lose? Mary lost her [VISA] credit card
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Ways of expressing information structure Syntax
obligatory position in S Focus particles
Morphology Verbal affixes
Phonology Phrasing Deaccenting for ‘outside focus’ Type of pitch accent
Phonetics Hyperarticulation
pitch range canonical pitch shapes
Nowhere
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Informational focus in English: obligatory pitch accents Size of focus constituent
What happened? [Mary lost her VISA credit card]
What did Mary lose? Mary lost [her VISA credit card] What credit card did Mary lose? Mary lost her [VISA] credit card Did Mary lose her VISA credit card?
(Yes) Mary [polarity] lost her VISA credit card
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Corrective Focus in English
I don’t write ‘piano’, I say ‘piano’
I don’t write ‘piano’, I write ‘violin’
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Time (s)0 2.46839
-50
250
-50
50
150
250
I don't write piano I write violin
L H*L H*L H L H*L L
I write [ violin ]FOC
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Time (s)0 2.72535
-50
250
-50
50
150
250
I don't write piano I say piano
L H*L H L H*L L
I [ say ]FOC piano
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Time (s)0 3.21077
0
300
0
100
200
300
ma kin wuuyik us kin cha'antik us
kin [ cha’antik ]FOC ʔus
‘I don’t hear a gnat, I’m looking at a gnat’
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Time (s)0 3.49102
0
300
0
100
200
300
ma kin wilik ts'o'ots kin wilik me'ex
kin wilik [ me’ex ] FOC
‘I don’t see hair, I see a beard’
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kin cha’antik [ ʔus ]FOC
Time (s)0 3.8542
0
300
0
100
200
300
ma kin cha'antik ek kin cha'antik us
‘I’m not looking at a wasp, I’m looking at a gnat’
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Time (s)0 3.23129
0
300
ma kin wu'uyik káan kin wilik káan
kin [ wilik ]FOC káan
‘I don’t hear a hammock, I see a hammock’
’ ’
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Us - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Míis - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Miis - Correctives vs Old (William)
859095
100105110115
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Me'ex - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
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K'aan - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Kaan - Corrective vs Old (William)
85
90
95
100
105
110
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Ka'an - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
Kay - Corrective vs Old (William)
0
50
100
150
1 3 5 7 9
Time
Hz Contrast
Old
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Kay Corrective vs Old
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Paay - Corrective vs Old
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Kaan - Corrective vs Old
6080
100120140160180200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Ka'an - Corrective vs Old
60
110
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (100%)
Hz
Oscar
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Us - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Old
Míis - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Oldc
Mìis - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Old
Me'ex - Corrective vs Old (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (100%)
Hz Contrast
Old
Figure 9. Mean f0 tracks for us, míis, miis and me’ex for speaker O under Corrective and Given focus. N=4.
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Mean Duration voiced portion M-series (William)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3
Focus condition
ms
Neutral
Corrective
Old
Mean duration voiced portion K-series (William)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3
Focus condition
ms
Neutral
Corrective
Old
Mean Duration voiced portion K-series (Oscar)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3
Focus condition
ms
Neutral
Corrective
Old
Series4
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L-insertion
Insert L / H --- H assuming there is a potential TBU
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a. jáax míis b. ja’ax míis | | | | Li H H Li Li H L H Li ‘first broom’ ‘green broom’
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Archibald, John (1996) The acquisition of Yucatec Maya prosody. UC Berkeley International Conference of Phonological Acquisition. Berkeley, CA. 99-112.
Bricker, Victoria B., Po?ot Yah, Eleuteria & Dzul de Po?ot, Ofelia (1998) A dictionary of the Maya language as spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press.
Blair, Robert W. & Vermont-Salas, Refugio (1965) Spoken Yucatec Maya. Book 1: Lessons 1-12. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University-University of North Carolina, Program in Latin American Studies.
Fisher, William M. (1976) On tonal features in the Yucatan dialects. Mayan Linguistics 1, 29-43.