Cardiology Board Review
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Transcript of Cardiology Board Review
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Cardiology Board Review
Brenda Shinar, MDFebruary 26, 2013
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Question 1.
• Answer: C. Exercise electrocardiography
www.afp.org/online/en/home/cme/selfstudy/cmebulletin/cardiac-testing/objectives January 2012
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Understand the Tests Used for Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis
Indications to Order a Stress Test:
• To diagnose occlusive CAD in a symptomatic patient with intermediate pre-test probability for CAD
• To prognosticate in a patient with known occlusive CAD
• To screen for CAD in an asymptomatic high risk patient prior to high risk surgery
Types of Stress:Exercise
DobutamineVasodilator
Types of Imaging with Stress:No imaging
(EKG interpretation only)Nuclear
Echocardiogram
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Question 2.
• Answer: C. Loop event recorder
Ambulatory Arrhythmia Monitoring: Choosing the Right Device: Zimetbaum, Peter; Circulation 2010;122:1629-1636
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Understand the Tests Used to Identify Symptomatic Arrhythmias
• Is there a rhythm disturbance that correlates with the patient’s symptoms?
• How frequently do the symptoms occur?
• Is the patient able to push a trigger with the symptom onset?
• Holter 24 hour monitor– Continuous monitoring
• Loop event recorder– Continuous monitoring, but
only saved with patient trigger– Saves preceding several
seconds of rhythm
• Post-symptom event recorder– No preceding rhythm (may
miss the arrhythmia)
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Question 3.
• Answer: A. Current smoking
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Understand the 9 risk factors for CAD and their degree of importance according to INTERHEART study
RISK FACTOR• Dyslipidemia• Tobacco smoking• Psychosocial Stress• Diabetes mellitus• Hypertension• Abdominal obesity• Moderate alcohol intake• Exercise• Vegetables/fruits daily• All risk factors
OR AR (%)• 3.25 49.2• 2.87 35.7• 2.67 32.5• 2.37 9.9• 1.91 17.9• 1.62 20.1• 0.91 6.7• 0.86 12.2• 0.70 13.7• 129.20 90.4
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Question 4.
• Answer: B; Atorvastatin and epifibatide
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Initiate medical therapy in a high-risk patient with a non-ST elevation MI
EARLY INVASIVE STRATEGY• Elevated biomarkers• New ST depression• High risk TIMI score (≥3)• Signs of heart failure• Hemodynamic instability• PCI within 6 months• Prior CABG• Continued angina despite
aggressive medical therapy• Reduced LV function (EF <40%)
CONSERVATIVE STRATEGY• Low Risk TIMI score (0-2)• Physician or patient
preference in absence of high risk features
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Question 5.
• Answer: C; Start metoprolol succinate
Chronic Heart Failure: Contemporary Diagnosis and Management; Gutam V. Ramani, et al: Mayo Clinic Proceedings; February 2010;85(2):180-195
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Know the appropriate treatment for systolic heart failure
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Question 6.
• Answer: A; Candesartan
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Understand the significance of diastolic heart failure
Definition:• Classic signs and symptoms of
heart failure• Preserved LV EF• Invasive or imaging-based
evidence of abnormal diastolic function
Epidemiology:• 50% to 66% of patients with
heart failure over 70 years of age
Pathophysiology of Remodeling:• Near-normal end diastolic
volumes• Increased wall thickness• Increased ratio of wall
thickness to chamber diameterManagement:
• Treat blood pressure ARB (CHARM trial) decreased hospitalizations but not mortality
• Rate/rhythm control in AF• Diuretics• Revascularize if indicated
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Question 7.
• Answer: D; Placement of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
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Know the risk factors for sudden death in patients with HOCM
RISK FACTORS for SCD in HOCM• *Cardiac arrest• *Spontaneous sustained
ventricular tachycardia• *Family history of sudden death
age < 40• Unexplained syncope• LV diastolic wall thickness > or =
30 mm• Blunted increase (< 20 mm Hg) or
decrease in systolic BP with exercise
• Nonsustained VT• Heart failure that has progressed
to dilated cardiomyopathy
* These patients should be given an AICD for prevention of sudden cardiac death
This patient also needs a surgical myotomy procedure…
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Question 8.
• Answer: D; Phenylephrine
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Diagnose and Manage a Patient with HOCM
Dynamic outlet obstruction WORSENED by (murmur is
louder):
• Decreased preload– Lasix, nitroglycerin
• Increased contractility– Digoxin, dobutamine
• Decreased afterload– Sodium nitroprusside, ACEI,
hydralazine, milrinone
Medications that are helpful in HOCM:
FluidsB-blockers
Phenylephrine
MANEUVERS:• Decrease preload:
– Valsalva• Increase preload:
– Squat• Increase afterload:
– Isometric hand grip
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Question 9.
• Answer: A; Atrial tachycardia
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Diagnose an acute supraventricular tachycardia
ATRIAL TISSUE ONLY• Multifocal atrial tachycardia
– Variable P-wave morphology and variable PP and PR interval
– COPD• Automatic Ectopic Atrial
Tachycardia– Usually abrupt onset and
termination– May be hard to distinguish from
sinus tachycardia– Dig toxicity and hypokalemia
• Atrial flutter– re-entry within the atrium
• Atrial fibrillation– age, HTN, atrial enlargement,
thyrotoxicosis
AV JUNCTION INVOLVED
• Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia– Re-entry within the AV node– TERMINATES 95% of the time with
appropriate use of adenosine• Junctional Tachycardia
– Increased automaticity within the lower part of the AV node (N-H region)
– Dig toxicity and severe CHF– May terminate with adenosine
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Question 10.
• Answer: C; Cardioversion
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Patients with atrial fibrillation who are hemodynamically unstable should undergo immediate
cardioversion
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Question 11.
• Answer: E; No bridging agent is needed
Perioperative Management of Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy; Amir K. Jaffer; Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine; 2009 (76 Supplement 4) S37-44
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Question 12.
• Answer: A; Postpone surgery for 6 months
Perioperative Management of Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy; Amir K. Jaffer; Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine; 2009 (76 Supplement 4) S37-44
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ACC/AHA Updated 2007 Guidelines:Perioperative Care for Noncardiac Surgery
• BARE METAL STENT– WAIT 6 weeks (3 months) for non-
urgent, elective surgery– URGENT surgery within first 6
weeks requires dual antiplatelet therapy
• DRUG-ELUTING STENT– WAIT one year for non-urgent,
elective surgery– URGENT surgery within 6 months
requires dual antiplatelet therapy– URGENT surgery after 6 months
must continue aspirin (81 mg/day), restart the clopidogrel after 5 days with 300 mg loading dose
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Question 13.
• Answer : C; Surgical valve replacement
Aortic Stenosis: Who should undergo surgery, transcatheter valve replacement? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Volume 79, No. 7, July 2012 (487-497)
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Severe aortic stenosis with symptoms requires surgery
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Question 14.
• Answer: B; IV sodium nitroprusside
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Acute, severe mitral regurgitation is a surgical problem
Etiologies of acute MR• Acute MI (papillary
dysfunction)• Post-MI (papillary
necrosis)• Ruptured chord (chronic
MVP)• Infectious Endocarditis
PathophysiologyLeft ventricle unloads favorably
toward path with lowest resisistance:
aorta-forwardleft atrium-backward
ManagementLOWER the systemic blood
pressure to favor forward flow: sodium nitroprusside
DIURESE TO reduce pulmonary edema
SURGERY to REPLACE the VALVE
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Question 15.
• Answer: C; Follow up ultrasound in 6 to 12 months
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Manage asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm found on routine screening
Who gets screened for AAA?• USPSTF:
– Men 65-75 who have ever smoked one time U/S
– No screening in women • ACC/AHA 2005:
– Men 60 or older with family hx of AAA in parent or sibling
– Men 65-75 who have ever smoked• Medicare coverage:
– Men 65-75 who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime
– Males or females with family hx of AAA
What to do with the results?• NO REPEAT SCREEN
– No aneurysm• REPEAT SCREEN IN 6-12
MONTHS– Aneurysm 3-5.5 cm diameter
• REPAIR:– >5.5 cm on presentation– Rapidly expanding with
surveillance imaging (5 mm in 6 months or 10 mm in one year)
– Coexisting PAD or peripheral artery aneurysm
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Question 16.
• Answer: D; Intravenous B-blockade followed by IV sodium nitroprusside
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Anatomy of the Aorta
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Treat a descending aortic intramural hematoma in a lesion of the descending aorta (type B)
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Aortic Dissection versus Aortic Intramural Hematoma
Dissection Intramural hematoma
•Entrance tear and exit tear from the intima forming a channel inside the media of the aorta with a flap•More commonly type A (Ascending and Arch)•Better prognosis with surgical treatment
•Rupture of vaso vasorum feeding the aortic media to create a hematoma within the medial layer with an intact intima•More commonly type B (Below LSCA)•Does better with medical treatment•B-blocker + sodium nitroprusside
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Question 17.
• Answer: C; IV amiodarone
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Manage a patient with a hemodynamically stable wide-complex tachycardia
Differential Diagnosis of Monomorphic Wide
Complex Tachycardia:1. Ventricular Tachycardia
(especially if known CAD or cardiomyopathy)
2. Supraventricular Tachycardia with aberrency
3. Antidromic Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia(Pre-excitiation)
VT Pearls:• Stable hemodynamics does
NOT rule OUT VT• AV dissociation confirms the
diagnosis of VT – Cannon A Waves– Variable S1 indicate atrium
contracting against a closed tricuspid valve
• Treatment of choice should be amiodarone, procainamide, or sotalol
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Question 18.
• Answer: D; Haloperidol
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Manage the risk for torsades de pointes in the hospital setting
Risk factors for Torsades de Pointes:
1. QTc interval > 500 msec or increase by 60 msec or more after initiation of a QTc prolonging medication
2. Older age3. Female sex4. Multiple QTc prolonging
medications
5. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
TREATMENT:Stop the offending
medication!www.qtdrugs.org
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Question 19.
• Answer: C; Three sets of blood cultures
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Understand the manifestations of infective endocarditis
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MAJOR CRITERIA FOR IE:BLOOD CULTURES:
• Typical microorganism for IE from 2 separate blood cultures
• Persistently positive blood cultures drawn 12 hours apart, or 3 separate cultures drawn at least 1 hour apart
• Single positive culture for coxiella burnetii, or Ig G titer > 1:800
ENDOCARDIAL INVOLVEMENT:
• Positive echocardiographic evidence of IE
• New valvular regurgitation
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Question 20.
• Answer: B; Constrictive pericarditis
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Diagnose irradiation-induced constrictive pericarditis
Etiologies:• Idiopathic or viral (42-49%)• Post-cardiac surgery (11-
37%)• Post-radiation therapy (9-
31%) Hodgkins/Breast• Connective Tissue Disease
(3-7%)• Post-Infectious (3-6%) TB or
purulent• Other (1-10%)
Patient symptoms:• Heart failure (67%)• Chest pain (8%)• Abdominal symptoms (7%)• Tamponade (5%)
Physical Exam:• Elevated JVP with rapid x and y
descent• Kussmal’s sign• Pericardial knock before S3• Cachexia, edema