Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

• Sugars and starches• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen• 2:1 ratio (2 H for every 1O)

• Types of carbohydrates:– Monosaccharides– Disaccharides– Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

• Building blocks of carbohydrates

• Simple sugars. Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose.

• Contain energy in bonds.

Dehydration synthesis“Dehydration” – loss of water “Synthesis” – to make

• Water is removed and sugars are covalently bonded.

Dehydration synthesis

Bond is formed between the –OH bondsof each monosaccharide

OH from one bonds with the H of the other OH H20

Disaccharide is formed from the 2 sugars

Dissacharides

• Double Sugar (Glucose + Glucose)

• Example: Table Sugar

Polysaccharides

Many simple sugars bonded together

Excess sugar is stored as polysaccharides.

Formed by joining monosaccharide units.

Examples: cellulose (plant starch)

glycogen (animal starch)

Polysaccharide examples:

Cellulose

Starch

Glycogen

hundreds of glucosemolecules

hundreds to thousandsof glucose molecules

Hydrolysis

When polysaccharides are split apart to form monosaccharides by adding water.

Hydrolysis= “hydro” water/ “lysis” to split

Molecule of water is consumed when the bond between monosaccharides is split.

Functions of Lipids

Lipids store energy (C-H) bonds

Form biological membranes

Chemical messengers

Commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes

Structure of Lipids

3 fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule combined will produce lipids and water.Fatty-acids- building blocks of lipids / long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms that have a carboxyl group attached.Carboxyl group- made of 1 carbon atom, 1 hydrogen atom, and 2 oxygen atoms.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids

Saturated lipids are C-C

Solid at room temperature.

Examples: Butter, animal fat

Unsaturated lipids have at least one C=C

Liquid at room temperature

Examples: Oils

Structure of Lipids

Other Lipids

Examples:

-Cholesterol

-Steroids

-Waxes

-Phospholipids (cell membrane)

Sterols and Phospholipids

Sterols- provide membrane support and serve as hormones.

Examples: cholesterol and steroids

Phospholipids- made of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. (water loving and hating)– Important in membrane structures

Hydrophilic Head (video)

Hydrophobic Tales

What are proteins?

Proteins- organic molecules made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Polymers of amino acids.

• Amino acid- building blocks of protien / made of an amino group

Made up of: - Amino Group (-NH2) - Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - H atom - “R” group (Always varies)

• 20 different amino acids, which can combine to form an amazing at least 1000 different proteins that make up living tissue

Examples of amino acids

Amino acids form proteins through dehydration synthesis

2 amino acidsform a

dipeptide bondMore than 2amino acids

Is apolypeptide

chain

Function of protein

• Carry out chemical reactions

• Let molecules in and out of cells

Protein Structure

Protein Structure

folded orbent into sheets

Protein Structure

compacted&

folded

Protein Structure (video)

when proteinscombine

Enzymes

• enzymes are proteins.

• Catalysts- substances that speed up the rate of a reaction.

• Enzymes are the bodies catalysts!

• Nucleic acids- large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms.– Made up of nucleotides

• Nucleotides- building blocks of nucleic acids / made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

• 2 types of nucleic acidsDNA

RNA

Elements that make up all living organisms!!!

• Acronym

Nucleotide

Function of Nucleic Acids

• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

• RNA- ribonucleic acid

• Store and transmit genetic information.

Structure of Nucleic Acids

DNA

DNA has 4 base pairs: G = Guanine A = Adenine C = Cytosine T = Thyamine

Structure of Nucleotides

“double ring” “single ring” (video)

Quiz

• 1. What is ONE function of a carbohydrate in an animal?

• 2. What is a lipid? Where would you find lipids in an animal?

• 3. What are the FIVE elements that make up living matter?

• 4. What are three parts of a nucleotide?